The Strategic Role of Human Resources Management Free Essay Example, 2500 words

Human resource management (HRM) has known to exist in organizations for decades. However, its form has known to change with the passage of the years due to the fluctuations in the environment and customers demands. The traditional form of HRM has been modified to come from the background to the forefront of the organization as a strategic participant in important decision making aspects of the company. This is known as strategic human resource management. It will facilitate the attainment of competitive advantage in the automotive production industry, become a source for greater revenues and increase performance levels due to the recruitment of competent individuals and employee development programs. The paper discusses the important aspects of strategic human resource management and how it proves to outperform the conventional human resource management processes. It also includes the areas where HR can contribute with their useful analysis for the success of the company. 1. Introdu ction Earlier, human resource management was considered to be a mechanism to manage the people, policies and routine procedures in the organization. It bore no greater relevance than this paradigm. Human resource management was often reversibly used for personnel management or people management. We will write a custom essay sample on The Strategic Role of Human Resources Management or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page This evolution has made its presence in many fields of businesses, including the automotive production industry.

A Journal Article Review On The Effect Of Mindfulness...

A Journal Article Review on the Effects of Mindfulness Meditation Mindfulness meditation is meditation lets feelings, thoughts, and sensations exists without judgement. It is meditation that does not focus on a single word, or mantra, one’s breathing, or any one single thing (Tarrasch 2015). It is freedom to exist in the present place in time. Mindfulness meditation is important to study because it may have many positive effects in everyday life. These effects can go beyond just stress relief or a general clamming experience. â€Å"Indeed, perhaps the most signiï ¬ cant outcome of mindfulness meditation is the capacity to adopt an ‘‘observing self’’† (Tarrasch 2015). Tarrasch (2015) said that the students used in the study were all female master’s students enrolled in a course called â€Å"Meditation: Theory, Research, and Practice† at Tel Aviv University’s School of Education. The method used for the study was journal article summaries from these students. The main body for this paper will provide information of the meditation practices used, explain the method of the experiment, and be a look at the changes experienced throughout the course. In the discussion, a review of the article will be presented. In the course many different forms of mindful meditation were used. Many were focusing on one’s own breathing and letting thoughts flow freely without judgement, but other forms used that got significant time were yoga positions and imagining one’s own safe place (Tarrasch 2015). AsShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Mindfulness Interventions On Health Care Professionals And College Level Students1543 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature Review In the area of health care professionals and college level students, there is evidence supporting increased stress in these populations. 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Leung, Angela K.-Y.; Koh, Kelly; Tam, Kim-Pong Journal of environmental psychology, Vol 43, Sep 2015, 79 94.http://dx.doi.org.subzero.lib.uoguelph.ca/10.1016/j.jenvp.2015.05.011 In the article, â€Å"Growing up, naturally: The mentalRead MoreRelationship Between Daily Food Consummation And The Associated Positive Or Negative Affect1543 Words   |  7 PagesThis article was published in the British Journal of Health Psychology, a journal published on behalf of the British Psychological Society. In 2015, the journal was rated 21 out of 121 in the clinical psychology category by Journal Citation Reports (Thomson Reuters). Moreover, the article is relatively recent (only 3 years old) and the authors belong to the University of Otago, New Zealand’s first university established in 1869. Therefore, this article is a credible source of information. The aimRead MoreMindfulness1275 Words   |  6 Pages Wk 25/ 4th April 2014 Journal Homework Assignment Jeanette Sweeney: 20243457 BTEC Level 5 counselling Diploma in Therapeutic Counselling Tutors: Jacqueline Lloyd/ Emma Wilkinson Mindfulness Today the theory was about mindfulness, and I have to admit that I didn’t know the true depth of its meaning. With my newly acquired knowledge I am aware that it is yet another incredibly deep meaningful hypothesis with a myriad of philosophical approaches. In this journal I will endeavour to provideRead MoreYoga Based Interventions For Depression And Anxiety Disorders3738 Words   |  15 PagesOccupational Therapy practices, CAMs (complimentary alternative medicines) such as yoga with emphasis on mindfulness based stress reduction can help those suffering recover more quickly. Purpose: The aim of my research is to see Occupational Therapy interventions and Yoga based interventions effectiveness in young adults suffering with depression and anxiety disorders. Methods: 21 day meditation, pre-test and post-test questionnaire, interviews with participants, previous research done on topic Results:Read MoreMindfulness: Treatment for Mood Disorder in Teens1045 Words   |  5 Pagesmood disorders have fewer symptoms when they practice P.E.A.C.E.? PEACE is an acronym for a mindfulness practice attending to the breath, body, thoughts, and emotions. P is for pause; E is for exhale; A is for acknowledged; C is for choice; E is for engage. Mindfulness has the potential to have a impact on teens with mood disorders by enhancing awareness, self-management, self-acceptance. Meditation is used in clinical practice for adults to treat a variety of mental and physical health issuesRead MoreThe Psychology Of The Geriatric Population864 Words   |  4 Pagespatient who is experiencing depression until his or her medication takes effect. Adult Coloring Books Art therapists and researchers have been touting the calming benefits of coloring for more than 10 years; however, this form of stress relief has just recently received acknowledgement. The editors of Yoga Journal and researchers from Johns Hopkins University are suggesting individuals use coloring as a substitute for meditation. Now, coloring in an adult coloring book is being used to reduce anxietyRead MoreBenefits Of Mindfulness Based Training Course2589 Words   |  11 PagesFollow-up research into the perceived benefits from the mindfulness-based training course found that counsellors participation in mindfulness-based therapy had an overall positive impact on both their personal and professional life. Results suggest the training course had associated benefits in the subjects’ personal life, particularly personal growth/self-care and interpersonal relationships. Firstly, within personal development/self-care, results found participants noticed physical benefits includingRead MoreMind/Body Practices: Ancient Traditions with Contemporary Benefits3290 Words   |  14 Pagesbranch of the National Institutes of Health. Although alternative medicine has only recently gained official recognition in the United States, the mind/body practices that pervade NCCAM’s research have ancient roots. For example, the some forms of meditation, a technique originating in Eastern religions, can be traced back thousands of years. The American Yoga Association reports that yoga dates back more than 5,000 years! As of 2008, 38% of Americans 18 or older and 12% of children used some form ofRead MoreYouth Outcomes : An Analysis Of Intervention And Control Group Children1105 Words   |  5 Pagesyounger (Mendeleson et al., 2010). When the psychosocial variables were assessed from the pretest, it was determined that there was no significant difference between the intervention group and the control group (Mendelson et al., 2010). Intervention effects were assessed with the use of data analysis techniques. An estimation of general linear models was conducted for each outcome, which controlled for age, gender, grade, and baseline scores (Mendelson et al., 2010). The researchers used the ANOVA and

Negligence On The Part Of Mac Tools-Free-Sample for Students

Question: Advise Mactools Ltd as to its legal Position citing relevant legal Authority. Answer: Issue The question to determined respect to the given scenario is whether provisions of negligence as provided by law of torts along with the provisions of the Australian consumer law as provided through scheduled 2 of the competition and consumer Act 2010 create a legal liability for MacTools Ltd. Rules The rules provided by common law with respect to the tort of negligence along with the Australian consumer law is used to determine the liability of a manufacturer in Australia. As provided by the principles of common law any harm cost to a buyer for user of a goods manufactured by a manufacturer is the responsibility of such manufacturer. The principal was provided through the landmark case of Donoghue vs Stevenson 1932 AC 522. Only when a person alleged of owing a duty of care can reasonably foresee an injury to be caused to some other person through their actions can a actual duty of care exist. Usually the force ability test is used to identify whether a duty of care is vested in a person or not. That test was used in the case of Chapman vs Hearse 1961 106 CLR 112. However with changing legal principles in Australia at present only those principles which have been pre determined through cases are used to identify the existence of a duty of care. It is an already established principal in Australia that a manufacturer owes a duty of care to a consumer who uses its goods. If the duty of their food by the manufacturer is violated a claim against him is established. As provided by the case of Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v TPG Internet Pty Ltd[2013] HCA 54 the inability of a manufacturer to act in specific circumstances in the same way as a reasonable person would have what the breach of consumer guarantees by the manufacturer is educate to initiate that the existing duty of care has been breached by the manufacturer. The Civil liability Act 2002 NSW states that a standard of care which has to be observed by a person towards another is determined through the analysis of four elements which include the degree seriousness involved in the injury, the onus of taking precautions, the probability of the injury in case the due care is not observed and the social needs of the activity. The actual Harm which the plaintiffs suffers is signified through the concept of causation. It was provided by the judges through the case of Caltex Oil (Australia) Pty Ltd v The Dredge Willemstedt (1976) 136 CLR 529 that in most of the cases where pure economic loss is not involved the real cause of the injury is the breach of the duty or not can be analysed by applying the but for test although there are various other tests available for matters of a more Complex nature. The test determines causation by analysing that if the defendant had been reasonable towards his duties then the harm would have still been caused or not. Along with the primary three elements needed to establish negligence the concept of foreseeability or remoteness is also used by the courts to determine duty of care. The defendant is usually not considered to be liable to any damages if the court comes to the conclusion that the injuries suffered by the plaintiff was to remote to make the defendant liable although if it is established that the defendant has committed negligence. The test which is used to determine whether a event was to remote to be compensated or not is known as the excel test. The test had been stopped to be used after the Vagabond number one case however in Australia the case is still used with a few modifications such as in the case of Nadar vs urban transit authority of NSW 1985 2 NSWLR 501. In Australia contributory negligence commonly arises when it can be identified that the person to whom the injury was caused was negligent himself towards causing the injury. Historically when the concept of contributory negligence arise the courts used to cancel the whole claim of negligence and provide relief to the defendant because of the negligent action of the defendant. However presently the whole claim is not defeated because of contributory negligence rather the court analyses how much negligence was contributed towards the heart by the plaintiff in order to find out what damages should be paid to them as in the recent case of Maureen Townsend v Phillip ODonnell [2016] NSWCA 288 the concept had been used in Australia where the court only provided 60% of the compensation to the plaintiff. Another case in Australia main damages the proportionate it because of contributory negligence is the case of Logar v Ambulance Service of NSW (Sydney Region) [2016] NSWDC 255. In this case the court only provided 40% of the total compensation to the plaintiff. Application In Australia already established principles are used to determine the liability in negligence. MacTools ltd who are the manufacturers of the drill will automatically have a duty of care to any individual who uses or purchase the drill. In the present scenario Aurora who was provided the drill by Maulan who actually purchased it from MacTools for use, thus Aurora is entitled to be owed with a duty of care by MacTools. As provided in the scenario there was as little as 1% chance that there would be problems with the drill if it is used for a period of more than 5 minutes. However given the amount of injury which could result out of the use of drill in case they did not know about such facts a reasonable person should have informed the plaintiff about the chances of malfunction. However such actions were not undertaken by MacTools as they would have incur loss if they had to recall the drill. They would have been no injury Cause to Aurora if such simple instructions of not using the drill for a elongated period would have been passed to them for the drill would have been taken back for repairs. Therefore it is proved beyond reasonable doubt that MacTools can be charged for negligence. On the other hand, clear instructions are provided through the drill, that any person who uses the grill must ensure the safety his eyes by wearing protective goggles. As this information was not read by Morgan he was not able to provide this information to Arora as a result Arora got injured by not using the protective goggles. Therefore in such circumstances it can be provided that Aurora herself was negligent towards her own safety and contributed to the harm. In such situations the compensation to be paid to her would be adjusted based on the principles of contributory negligence. Another person Jessica who was a glass artist had incurred financial losses as the malfunction of the drill caused problems to the electric line and a glass structure which she was designing got damaged. According to the principles of remoteness only the initial harm is entitled to be compensated. Therefore no legal liability exist for MacTools towards Jessica. Conclusion There is negligence on the part of Mac tools There is contributory negligence on the part of Arora No legal liability exist with respect to Jessica. References Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v TPG Internet Pty Ltd[2013] HCA 54 Caltex Oil (Australia) Pty Ltd v The Dredge Willemstedt (1976) 136 CLR 529 Chapman v Hearse (1961) 106 CLR 112 Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) Donoghue vs Stevenson 1932 AC 522. Logar v Ambulance Service of NSW (Sydney Region) [2016] NSWDC 255 Maureen Townsend v Phillip ODonnell [2016] NSWCA 288.

FREUD AND PSYCHOANALYSIS Essay Example For Students

FREUD AND PSYCHOANALYSIS Essay FREUD AND PSYCHOANALYSIS These notes form only the merest introduction into this topic and you will need to do further reading around the subject yourself if you are going to gain more detailed insights into this area of psychology. The aim of this handout is to clarify the basic principles of Freuds theories and to raise the main issues. It is important to be clear about the meanings of certain terms that you may come across and throughout the handout you will find footnotes clarifying certain terms. Firstly though, a word about the terms psychoanalysis and psychodynamics. Psychoanalysis refers to both Freuds original attempt at providing a comprehensive theory of the mind and also to the associated treatment. The term encompasses both Freudian theory and therapy. You will also come across the term psychodynamics. This term is used to denote the approach which began with psychoanalysis but which has now broadened into a much more diverse collection of theories and models developed by other psychologists, all of which nevertheless retain some of the main ideas of Freuds original theory. We will write a custom essay on FREUD AND PSYCHOANALYSIS specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now 1.8.1BACKGROUNDSigmund Freud was born in 1856 in Moravia, which was then part of the Austrian Empire and is now in the Czech Republic. He spent most of his life in Vienna, from where he fled, in 1937, when the Nazis invaded. Neither Freud (being Jewish) or his theories were very popular with the Nazis and he escaped to London where he died in 1939. He had wanted to be a research scientist but anti-Semitism forced him to choose a medical career instead and he worked in Vienna as a doctor, specialising in neurological disorders (disorders of the nervous system). He constantly revised and modified his theories right up until his death but much of his psychoanalytic theory was produced between 1900 and 1930. Freud originally attempted to explain the workings of the mind in terms of physiology and neurology (but) quite early on in his treatment of patients with neurological disorders, Freud realised that symptoms which had no organic or bodily basis could imitate the real thing and that they were as real for the patient as if they had been neurologically caused. So he began to search for psychological explanations of these symptoms and ways of treating them. In 1885 he spent a year in Paris learning hypnosis from the neurologist Charcot; he then started using hypnosis with his patients in Vienna. However, he found its effects to be only temporary at best and it did not usually get to the root of the problem; nor was everybody capable of being hypnotised. Meanwhile Breuer, another Viennese doctor, was developing another method of therapy which he called the cathartic method, where patients would talk out their problems. Freud adopted Breuers method and called it free association which became one of the three fundamental tools of psychoanalysis. Freud began his self-analysis during the 1890s and in 1900 published The Interpretation of Dreams, in which he outlined his theory of the mind, followed by The Psychopathology of Everyday Life (1904), A Case of Hysteria and Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905). Two of Freuds closest colleagues, Carl Jung and Alfred Adler, helped him form the psychoanalytic movement and the first International Psychoanalytic Congress was held in Salzburg in 1908. The Journal of Psychoanalysis was first published in 1909 and, in that year, Freud and Jung made a lecture tour of the USA. (From Gross, R (1996) Psychology, The Science of Mind and Behaviour, page 508)1.8.2 FREUDS STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITYFreud compared the human personality to an iceberg. The small part that shows above the surface of the water represents conscious experience ; the much larger mass below the water level represents the unconscious a storehouse of impulses, passions, and inaccessible memories that affect our thoughts and behaviour. It is this portion of the mind that Freud sought to explore with the use of free association. Freud also believed that personality was composed of three major systems: the id, the ego and the superego. Each system has its own functions but the three interact to govern behaviour. (a)The idThe id is the most primitive part of the personality and the first to develop. It is present in the newborn infant. It is located in the unconscious and it is from the id that the ego and the superego later develop. The id consists of the basic biological impulses (or drives): the need to eat, drink, eliminate wastes, avoid pain and gain sexual pleasure. Freud also believed that aggression was a basic biological drive. The id seeks immediate gratification of these impulses. Like a young child, the id operates on the pleasure principle : it endeavours to avoid pain and obtain pleasure regardless of the external circumstances. .u56d35e8f2d6f3ef3d1e901c3bb859007 , .u56d35e8f2d6f3ef3d1e901c3bb859007 .postImageUrl , .u56d35e8f2d6f3ef3d1e901c3bb859007 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u56d35e8f2d6f3ef3d1e901c3bb859007 , .u56d35e8f2d6f3ef3d1e901c3bb859007:hover , .u56d35e8f2d6f3ef3d1e901c3bb859007:visited , .u56d35e8f2d6f3ef3d1e901c3bb859007:active { border:0!important; } .u56d35e8f2d6f3ef3d1e901c3bb859007 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u56d35e8f2d6f3ef3d1e901c3bb859007 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u56d35e8f2d6f3ef3d1e901c3bb859007:active , .u56d35e8f2d6f3ef3d1e901c3bb859007:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u56d35e8f2d6f3ef3d1e901c3bb859007 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u56d35e8f2d6f3ef3d1e901c3bb859007 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u56d35e8f2d6f3ef3d1e901c3bb859007 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u56d35e8f2d6f3ef3d1e901c3bb859007 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u56d35e8f2d6f3ef3d1e901c3bb859007:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u56d35e8f2d6f3ef3d1e901c3bb859007 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u56d35e8f2d6f3ef3d1e901c3bb859007 .u56d35e8f2d6f3ef3d1e901c3bb859007-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u56d35e8f2d6f3ef3d1e901c3bb859007:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Downfall of Macbeth Essay(b)The egoAs the child develops it learns that their impulses cannot always be immediately gratified. Some must be delayed (for example, hunger must wait until someone provides food) and some (for example, hitting someone) may be punished. A new part of the personality, the ego, develops as the young child learns to consider the demands of reality. The ego constitutes our conscious self and obeys the reality principle : It is essentially the part of personality that decides what actions are appropriate and which id impulses will be satisfied in what manner. The ego mediates among the demands of the id, the realities of the world and the demands of the superego. (c)The superegoThe superego, is the internalised representation of the values and morals of society as taught to the child by the parents and others. It is essentially the individuals conscience.The superego decides whether an action is right or wrong. Initially, parents control a childs behaviour directly by reward and punishment. Through the incorporation of parental standards into the superego, behaviour is brought under self-control. The superego develops in response to parental rewards and punishments. In summary, the id seeks pleasure, the ego tests reality and mediates, the superego constrains and strives for perfection. Not surprisingly, the three components of personality are in constant conflict: the ego postpones the gratification the id wants immediately and the superego battles with both because behaviour often falls short of the moral code it represents. 1.8.3MANAGING THE CONFLICTIn order to deal with this conflict, the ego develops a series of defence mechanisms which allow it to protect itself from the pressures of the id, the real world and the superego. Examples are:Repression burying a memory so thoroughly that it is not recalled at all it never happened. Projection attributing own unwanted bad feelings or ideas to another person. Rationalisation making up a reasonable excuse for unacceptable behaviour and really believing it. Suppression forgetting a shocking event on purpose: (consciously in this case) putting it out of ones mind. Denial refusing to acknowledge something because it is so distressing. Displacement transferring feelings from one person or object to another. Identification imitating someone who is admired and modelling oneself on them. Reaction-Formation consciously substituting the opposite emotion for true feelings about someone/something. Freud believed that conflict is inevitable and all behaviour is a compromise. Conflict is the primary cause of human anxiety and unhappiness. Defence mechanisms are one way we have of dealing with our inner conflict; neurotic symptoms and dreaming are the other major forms of compromise. 1.8.4THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITYFreud believed that the individual, during the first five years of life, progresses through several developmental stages that affect personality. Applying a broad definition of sexuality, he called these periods psychosexual stages. During each stage, the pleasure-seeking impulses of the id focus on, and derive pleasure from, a particular area of the body and on activities connected with that area. Freud called the first year of life the oral stage of psychosexual development. During this period, infants derive pleasure from nursing and sucking; in fact, they will put anything they can reach into their mouth. During the second year of life, the anal stage, as children have their first experience with imposed control in the form of their toilet training. In the phallic stage, from about age 3 to age 6, children focus on their genitals. They observe the differences between males and females and may direct their awakening sexual impulses toward the parent of the opposite sex. It is at this stage that children have to resolve the Oedipus and Electra complexes. A latency period follows the end of the phallic stage, during which children become less concerned with their bodies and turn their attention to the skills needed for coping with the environment. The last stage, the genital stage, occurs during adolescence, during which young people begin to turn their sexual interests toward others and to love in a more mature way. Freud felt that special problems at any stage could arrest (or fixate) development and have a lasting effect on the individuals personality. The libido would remain attached to the activities appropriate for that stage. Thus a person who was weaned very early and did not have enough sucking pleasure might become fixated at the oral stage. As an adult, this person may be excessively dependent on others and overly fond of such oral pleasures as eating, drinking and smoking. Such a person is called an oral personality. The person fixated at the anal stage of psychosexual development may be abnormally concerned with cleanliness, orderliness, and saving. 1.8.5MODIFICATIONS OF FREUDS THEORIESLater psychoanalysts felt that Freud placed too much emphasis on the instinctive and biological aspects of personality and failed to recognise that people are products of the society in which they live. The neo-Freudians including Alfred Adler, Erich Fromm, Karen Horney, Carl Jung and Harry Stack Sullivan, considered personality to be shaped more by the people, society, and culture surrounding the individual than by biological needs. They placed less emphasis on the controlling power of the unconscious, believing that people are more rational in their planing and decisions than Freud thought. .ud90143e21bf625176be13d16cee22820 , .ud90143e21bf625176be13d16cee22820 .postImageUrl , .ud90143e21bf625176be13d16cee22820 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud90143e21bf625176be13d16cee22820 , .ud90143e21bf625176be13d16cee22820:hover , .ud90143e21bf625176be13d16cee22820:visited , .ud90143e21bf625176be13d16cee22820:active { border:0!important; } .ud90143e21bf625176be13d16cee22820 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud90143e21bf625176be13d16cee22820 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud90143e21bf625176be13d16cee22820:active , .ud90143e21bf625176be13d16cee22820:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud90143e21bf625176be13d16cee22820 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud90143e21bf625176be13d16cee22820 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud90143e21bf625176be13d16cee22820 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud90143e21bf625176be13d16cee22820 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud90143e21bf625176be13d16cee22820:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud90143e21bf625176be13d16cee22820 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud90143e21bf625176be13d16cee22820 .ud90143e21bf625176be13d16cee22820-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud90143e21bf625176be13d16cee22820:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pro Choice among Women Essay1.8.6PSYCHOANALYTIC THERAPYThe aim of psychoanalytic therapy is to bring about a fundamental change in the patients personality so that he is released from his neurotic disorders. Freud believed that neurosis was caused by the repression of disturbing feelings and emotions associated with conflicts established in early childhood. These conflicts result from the impulses of the id or the strictures of an over demanding superego. He assumed that the patients ego was too weak to cope with such conflicts and defended itself by repressing them into the unconscious. However, conflicts do not go away; they find expression through the symptoms and neuro tic behaviour of the patients. The aims of psychoanalysis are to remove the infantile conflict from the unconscious and help the patient deal with it at a conscious level. Psychoanalytic therapy normally has two stages:1.the release of repression, thereby allowing the conflict to enter consciousness, and,2.the redirection of the emotional energy (libido) associated with the repression thereby allowing the patients ego to gain control of the conflict. Freud developed various techniques for getting round the controlling forces of the defence mechanisms to reveal the unconscious material which is trying to gain expression. One of the original methods employed by Freud was hypnosis, but as has already been mentioned, he found this technique unsatisfactory and soon began using free association. Later Carl Jung, one of Freuds students developed a similar technique known as word association , and both methods are still widely used in present-day psychoanalysis. Another technique for getting at unconscious material is the interpretation of dreams .Another route into the unconscious is via the errors of everyday life, so-called Freudian slips. Present day psychoanalysts also regard certain physiological cues such as posture, blushing or pallor and changes in the timbre of the patients voice as important expressions of unconscious motives and feelings. 1.8.7AN EVALUATION OF THE PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACHPsychoanalytic theory has had an enormous impact on psychological and philosophical conceptions of human nature. Freuds major contributions are his recognition that unconscious needs and conflicts motivate much of out behaviour and his emphasis on the importance of early childhood experiences in personality development. His emphasis on sexual factors led to an awareness of their role in adjustment problems. But Freud made his observations during the Victorian period when sexual standards were very strict; so it is understandable that many of his patients conflicts centred on their sexual desires. Today, feelings of guilt about sex are much less frequent, yet the incidence of mental illness remains about the same. Sexual conflicts are not the only cause of personality disturbances and may not even be a major cause. Some critics also point out that Freuds theory of personality is based almost entirely on his observations of emotionally disturbed patients and may not be an appropriate of the normal, healthy personality. In addition, many of Freuds ideas were decidedly sexist. For example, his theory that female psychosexual development is shaped by penis envy and feelings of unworthiness due to the lack of such equipment is certainly inadequate in view of our current awareness of the role that social factors play in gender identification.It was probably not her brothers penis that a little girl during the Victorian era envied but his greater independence power and social status. Although psychoanalysis has exerted a powerful influence on our thinking about human nature, it has been seriously questioned as a scientific theory. Freuds constructs are ambiguous and difficult to define. He does not specify, for example, what behaviours indicate that a child is fixated at the anal stage of psychosexual development and what behaviours indicate that he or she is not fixated. For any body of theory to be accepted as a valid scientific perspective, its consequences must be statable. The hypothesis that fixation at the anal stage can lead to stinginess (or to the opposite, generosity) is evidently not refutable; whatever the outcome, the theory can account for it. To that extent the psychoanalytic approach fails to meet the criteria of a scientific theory. Because some important aspects of psychoanalytic theory cannot be proven experimentally, some psychologists claim that it has no value either as psychology or as science (Eysenck 1972). However, many others claim that experimental validity is an inappropriate yardstick for evaluating psychodynamic theory and that the theory is verified in practice in the analyst-patient interview. Words/ Pages : 2,440 / 24