Robots in Society and the Future

zombis in Society and the FutureIt is a rattling consecutive slogan from Adidas brand, zero is Impossible. Humans abilities argon limited, and that is why automatons be created. Have you ever conceive that, when you wake up in the morning, once you open up your eyes, all(prenominal)thing that is in your mind such as breakfast, office wear, slippers and plain to a greater extent puddle already universe prep atomic number 18d by your robot-slave. You do non exhaust to do allthing all you deem to do is, sit and wait You skilful shit to sit on your bed and wait for your robot to mete out you, atomic number 18nt your life entrust be easier and wonderful? From this, we scum bag see that how stupefying it could be with the hold outence of robots. May be in the future, they be solely our trusted friends.The unstoppable improvements of advanced technologies, in the same line, robots argon introduced into un deal sectors to dish the mercifuls reckless abilities to improve their live. They affirm been wide employ in industrial sector and to a fault for personal practice session. The unveiling of robots is not plainly to assist us, provided they give us mental pictureual opportunities to be our substitute for exploration and experiment the new risky things that serviceman had never d atomic number 18 to try however hunger to achieve.Our purpose of this beneathwrite is to retrieve out the kinds of robots that make believe been introduced into our life and the future robots.Our objectives ar to find outWhat be robots?Why do they constitute?How do robots constitute?What pl chthonic they do? How far they ho give do?What argon the situation effects for piece if they ar oer-populated?What is in mankind expectation on future robots?2.0 Findings and Discussion2.1 What be robots?2.1.1 Brief History of RobotWhen we verbalize robots, we all feel that it was just only been made in this modern era. Actually the firstborn bas e mental home of robot has been made centuries ago. The famous da Vinci da Vinci is excessively among all the creators who are involve in the creation and innovation of robots. The rudimentary principles that motivate pot to create the robots are to demand the advantages to mankind. First of all, the creations of robot begin with simple construct, with look handle human, and past it disregard move. Through the evolution in times, the robots instantly are involving, now it can walk, lambaste, and behave like humans. The improvement of robots pull up stakes never end, simply now we can start to imagine how far robots testament cash in superstars chips in future.2.1.2 Concept of RobotIsaac Asimov (January 2, 1920 April 6, 1992)Generally, in all humans thoughts, robots are human-like machines that have heads and limbs, move and talk like human, either with or without their proclaim thoughts and can be fully automatic, or lead offially former(a)wise completely controlle d by human. However in the world of reality, the basic plan of a robot is a machine which is coursed to move and litigate multitude tasks automatically, or whitethorn be social occasionially controlled by human. It does not mean that robots must(prenominal) be built mimic to human, in fact they can be in any forms and shapes with different go forthances as long as they see to it the basic concept. match to a usual science fiction author, Isaac Asimov 1, he came out with 3 basic laws for robots, which they called it call Asimovs Three Laws of RoboticsRobots must never pervert human beings.Robots must follow instructions from human without violating influence 1.Robots must protect themselves without violating the other rules.2.1.3 Classification of RobotsWith the indefinite in governigence of human, robots have been invented in different kinds and ways, answering myriad tasks and jobs. The following are the basic classifications 2 for different robotsTele-robotsTele-robot s are robots that take on to be transport absorbd by human beings by dint of remote control sytem. The outperform case will be the toy robots for kids, where these entertainment robots are needed to be guided by human to move, turn, or carry out tasks.Telepresence RobotsThe manipulations for telepresence robots are some(prenominal) comparable to the Tele-robots above. The different is that telepresence robots will send bet on video, buy the farm and other entropy to make the means to feel more like they are in the robots. These robots are suitable to be employ in exploration field, curiously when the targeted exploration area is not feelerible for human.Static RobotsThey are robots which are not movable from places to places. They are fixed permanently on one(a) natural spot to perform their tasks using only a part of their movable dowers. Static robots have been astray utilise, such as robotic weapons corpse, in factories and laboratories to handle hazardous materials and chemicals. In Malaysia, static robots or robotic arms can be seen in car manufacturing factories.Mobile/Autonomous RobotsThese robots navigate and perform their chores and duties without the disturbance of human. They have been created to have high news to deal with any environments such as on land, sky and even underwater. These robots are unremarkably hustleed, or with wings, propeller and etcetera depending on their uses. fairylike mobile robots are referred to unman Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) which have been used by countries with advanced technologies for force purposes. For underwater mobile robots, they are usually called Autonomous subaqueous Vehicles (AUVs) and are used in sea exploration, war machine and commercial purposes.AndroidsAndroids, which can similarly being called as Humanoid Robots, are being built to mimic human. They will have basic structures of human including head, body, hands and legs. Some of them have been installed with devices to evoke sound or talk like human.2.2 Why do they exist?As we all know, humans abilities are limited. Thus, we need something to fulfil our rawness and we have chosen the robots to do that for us. This can be clearly depict when we use robots to carry and move arduous objects in our daily life. kingdom mine abide byorOr, in the condition that risky jobs involve which may capitulate the priceless life of human being, it will be wise to use robots as to replace the jobs for us to avoid any unnecessary sacrificing. geographic expedition for mines, position and underwater are example of highly dangerous tasks and these places are al c relapse impossible for human to access. Sacrificing robots which can be valued in money is a lots more intelligent act sooner of sending the humans priceless souls to the path of death. In addition, assistance from robots arms for handling hazardous and acidic chemicals can also be wide used in laboratories to take the place of humans arms.Autonomou s robot bloodlesserAnother main reason for the existence of robots is because of the demand of human to enjoy simpleness and comfort in their life. Everyone in this world is demanding to live in the best and easiest way in their life, without the need to do anything and waits to be served, in some other words, the laziness of human beings caused the existence of robots. Example, thither are robots being invented to clean and nullity the house. Apparently, human in the world today are so lazy until they do not wish to do the household chores by themselves. Although this statement is not fair, but yet this is one of the very true facts. For workaholics, these robots are perfect in sharing responsibilities of household chores.2.3 How do they exist?2.3.1 Components of RobotsFor the basic layout of the generalised robots which are mostly correspond to animal, or even a human, are being made up with these componentsThe Brain well(p) as humans brain, it is the main dust that rifles a robot. It is a microprocessor which functions like a computer. Specialised programs are installed so that they can move without the controls of human.The eyeball in that location are made up from camera, sensor, ranging sonar and etc. in that location are used for navigating the robots movement, capture and recording the images of its surrounding, and estimate the range of its movement towards any objects or destination. on that point are also sensors that can suffice the robots to avoid from obstacles while moving.The EarsSome robots have been invented with sound recognition sports. So, these robots look at ears. Basically, the ears of these robots are also made up from sensors to divulge sound waves and they are to be move to microprocessor for detailed analysis.Communication SystemCommunication amidst robots and human are slap-uply master(prenominal). Besides receiving commands and orders from their owner, it is also generally important for the robots to tell their ow ners when something goes wrong. These communication systems can be in form of sound alarms or lights to grab the attentions of their owners. In order to transmit the sound or light, they need components like information, video or sound transmitters.MusclesIt is the main component for the robots to move their limbs and carry out tasks. The limbs are ordinarily operated by electricity. In this case, the electricity functions as the muscles. However, some robots have been designed and created to do heavy duties like carrying heavy objects. Thus, electricity will be substituted with hydraulic technology or pneumatic technology.LimbsThey can be as usual as humans hands and legs, fingers and toes. tho in some situations, hands and legs are not that suitable to be used. Hence, the limbs of these robots are also available in wheels, tires, running play rollers, propellers and etc.2.3.2 Technologies Involved2.3.2.1 Sensor TechnologiesAsensor is a device, which is use to senses the objec ts and the surrounding. in that location are many kinds of applications for sensors which most people are never aware. Applications include cars, machines, aero situation, medicine, manufacturing and robotics.Sensors are the sensory system for robots, are much like humans 5 senses sight, touch, smell, hearing, and taste. The robots sensors sense the environmental like touch, distance, light, sound, strain, rotation, magnetism, smell, temperature, inclination, pinch, or altitude. Then it provides the data that must be processed to provide study to allow the robot to respond. Robots are equipped with sensors so they can have an understanding of their surrounding environment and make changes in their behavior. The following are the coarse sensors used in robots 3Rotation SensorsThey are used to round the angle of a robotic arm, or how far a mobile robots wheel has turned.Global Positioning SystemsGlobal Positioning Systems (GPS) receive signals from orbiting satellites that pinpoi nt the location of an outdoor robot on the Earth. optical maser range FinderLaser range finders use laser beams to measure the distance to objects. They are used for obstacle detection and navigation.Computer VisionComputer Visionis the field of study of interpreting camera images for a variety of purposes. Cameras are very common sensors it can be say as the eyes of robot. neat SensorSensor for measures and differentiate light levels reflected from bright and dark surfaces. It is also use as the eyes of the robot, it helps in navigating, detect bright object, tell the different between coloured objects.Touch SensorsThe uses of touch sensors are to detect contact between the robot and external objects surround it.Other example of sensors 4Ultrasonic Range SensorsInfrared SensorsInertia Measurement UnitAccelerometers new and Voltage SensorsTemperature and Humidity SensorsCamera and Vision SensorsObstacle DetectorsForce Sensors healthy detectors and etc.2.3.2.2 Hydraulic TechnologiesH ydraulicsis the equipment or machinery involves or is operated by a fluid that is under pressure, such as water or oil.This system used to increase the power of force to produce maximum vigour required. Hydraulic systems are widely used in various industries to operate and manufacture many products. Hydraulic usually applied on machines and robotic part 5.2.3.2.3 pneumatic Technologiespneumatics technology is operated by air under pressure and it is powerful. Pneumatic means filled with air. It is quiet similar to hydraulic, the only different are it is operated by air, where as hydraulic is operated by liquid. Examples of pneumatic systems Air compressor, electro-pneumatic action, tubular-pneumatic action, vacuum pump, compressed-air engine, air brakes, air engines, pneumatics launchersPneumatic robot arm operated by human. Pneumatic can have long operating lives and require very teensy-weensy maintenance, but it is not easily damaged by shock 6.2.4 Uses of Robots in Various fr iendship bases2.4.1 Medical FieldAn endoscopeA laparoscopic surgery machineWhen we talk somewhat robots performing tasks of human, we talk about future. But the use of robots in surgery is already a reality. The developments of technologies have brought various robotic devices into the medical field and these advanced robotic devices have been performing as a great ally in a surgery room for today. With these robotic systems, the operation has become much less invasive but however, imputable to some disadvantages of these systems, surgeons are thus far cannot being replaced. Minimally invasive surgery is a broad concept including many common procedures that existed prior to the introduction of robots, such as archness bladder excisions. It refers to procedures that avoid long cuts by entering the body finished a small entry 7. However, surgeons can perform this procedure by using long handled surgery equipments and the guidance of viewing equipment such as endoscope on that po intfore it is not a necessary to use robots to do that. But yet, it does not mean robots are then do not reason under minimally invasive surgery.Robot-assisted surgery system can be divided into 3 kinds which are supervisory-controlled system, telesurgical system and shared-control system.First, supervisory-controlled system is a system that allows the robots to perform tasks individually which will act according to the computer programme where the surgeons inputs into them earlier. Next, the telesurgical system which is also known as remote surgical requires the direct interestingness of surgeons to conduct the robots arm rather than allowing it to perform surgery procedures by itself. Because the robot is still technically performing the procedures, so it is still considered under the subgroup of robotic surgery. The third system will be shared-control system. In this system, it requires the most involvement of surgeons. The surgeon carries out the procedure with the use of a ro bot that offers steady-hand manipulations of the instrument. This enables twain entities to reciprocally perform the tasks 7. Overall, the main difference between these 3 systems is the detail of interaction between the surgeons and the robots during the procedures. 8Although the robot-surgeons can perform as a great participator in surgery rooms, however there is nothing to be one hundred percents safe, including these robots. Mechanical devices including robots have the potentials to be malfunction and contravened the concept of minimally invasive surgery, or even worse, causing wound to the patients. Hence, guard duty of using these equipments has been questioned. Manufacturers have endeavoured to reduce the risks of malfunctioning of robots by installing think caoutchouc features. Nevertheless, these safety measurements have caused these robots increase in cost, making them unaffordable. source Table from Howe, RD, Matsuoka, Y. Robotics for Surgery. Annual Review of Biom edical Engineering. 1999, 01213.The following table shows and compares the forcefulness and limitation of using human-surgeon and robot-surgeon2.4.2 armament FieldThe legions does not usually use the term robot, but they categorise and name the robots into Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), Unmanned basis Vehicles (UGVs) and Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs), depending on the environment they operated. exploitation of these robots in the war field can everlastingly being seen by technology-advanced countries, especially join State. Instead of sending their armies to combat in the war, they muster out robots with weapon-equipped to the field. Even though they claimed that with this it can reduce the sacrificing of their armies but in fact, they are creating a tremendousr offense towards their so-called enemy which may also cause more injuries to the innocents during the war. Yet in this ten-spot, with the rapid increasing in seek and development, scientists and researche rs have manufactured robots that do not fight but to safe the people and also recovering the situation to a safety level.Let us discuss these military robots according to their categories.TALON SWORDS with different weaponriesUnmanned Ground Vehicles 9, or UGVs, are vehicles that require the demand of human to operate through remote-controlled system via a wireless communication link. UGVs are commonly telepresence robots which they are able to send feedback of images captured by video cameras which have been installed, to the operator. There are also robots equipped with weapon, and the most popular of its kind is TALON. According to Foster Miller 10, TALON is now a military robot that has most advanced technologies installed in it which it can moves through sand, water, snow and even staircases. With the cameras installed, it can transmit images in colours, black and white, infrared and night vision to the operator who is far away for up to 1km. SWORDS 11 or Special Weapon manif estation Reconnaissance Detection System is a system where robots are tending(p) with weapons and it was specially designed for the US armies. These robots were ever used by US Special Forces in the war against the Taliban in Afghanistan as well as the role to dispose explosive mines. Besides, there are also robots/vehicles that perform autonomously. Autonomous UGVs basically do notBEAR Rescue armament Robotinvolve in combat, but they carried out tasks like logisticals, give of materials to the war fields, rescue operation, stop fighting, mine detection and disposal and etc. Rescue operation has been carried out by robots in an active field of operation to take care of the casualties and if necessitate, carry the casualties out from the field. The BEAR rescue military robots 12 have been designed with powerful upper body with hydraulics technology, track rollers as legs and dynamic balancing behaviour.UAVs with Hellfire-MissilesNext, robots that navigate in the sky without int ervention human crews are called Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 13, or UAVs, but can be partially operated through remote or in this decade they have been invented to be fully autonomous through pre-programming flight plans. UAVs are available in various shapes, features, characteristics and configurations. They have been widely used in a lot of countries to play a role in battlefields, logistic (cargo), research and development, civil and commercial. For most of the time, they have been a great assistant for the soldier troops to provide battlefield intelligence and bombard the targeted area. Military UAVs have been installed with various weapon including missiles and bombs. The US offshooty has been using this feature during their conquering in the war 14 with Afghanistan, Pakistan, Yemen and Iraq. In between, error targeting and faulty intelligence caused numbers of innocent civilian to dead.Due to large size of common UAVs, tiny spy robots Robot Flies 12 have been created so to acce ss into confined and cluttered spaces within the buildings, tunnels, stairwells or caves for surveillance and reconnaissance purposes. It is stated that there are also possibilities to equip these robots with small explosive charges to annul on a small unique(predicate) area instead of destroying the whole.Robot Flyremotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs)Subsequently, the underwater robots AUVs, in full Autonomous Underwater Vehicles are also known as Unmanned Undersea Vehicles (UUVs). AUVs are basically works within the sea without any intervention of human. Whereas the non-autonomous called Remotely Operated Vehicles (ROVs) are controlled by the operator from the surface through umbilical. In military field, AUVs are used to detect if there are any mines and to oversee the protected area for new unidentified objects. For the purpose of warfare, AUVs are employ to detect and resist the invasion of manned submarines 15. From the research, AUVs are not so popular to be employed into t he military fields as wars under the water are so seldom to be seen.2.4.3 Industrial FieldRobots employed in industrial field are static robots which are majorly automated and allowed to make decision via pre-programmed inputs. These robots are more common to be seen in form of arm-shaped. They will not have the components of head, body and legs, but just arm. In earlier decades, mans responsibilities in manufacturing process like welding, painting, assembly, separateand place,packagingandpalletizing, product inspection, and testing have been displaced by robots today. The introduction of robots into industrial field is a great contribution as they can accomplish their tasks in a faster way, more efficient and highly remediate than a man can do in term of precision and endurance. The different between each arms and the functioning role of the arms are depending on the in additionls that are fixed at the end of the arm, or they call them the end-effectors. Industrial robots can al so being classified into 16vertically ArticulatedThe multi-jointed arm of a vertically articulated robot is machine-accessible to the base with a twisting joint. The links in the arm are connected by rotary joints. This type isoften called jointed-arm. 16Cartesian co-ordinateThis robot is limited to x, y, and z movement. It isalso called a rectilinear robot. exclusively of the robot arm links are connected with linear joints. The physical appearance is square 16.SCARAThe Selective Compliance Assembly Robot Armis ideal for precision work within one plane. Its work gasbag is cylindrical. It has two horizontal joints 16.CylindricalThe robot has one rotary joint at the base and two linear joints to connect the links. Their work envelope is also cylindrical 16.PolarThe arm is connected to the base with a twisting joint and a combination of rotary and linear joints. They have a spherical-shaped from after-school(prenominal) look 16.DeltaThis robot configuration combines a rotational joint and parallelograms. Delta robots work within a dome-shaped work envelope 16. conjoin armWelding devices such as MIG-welding gun are one of the popular robot guns that are widely used in the attention to assembly their products. Welding arms are programmed to carry out specific task welding process repeatedly, fusing of adjacent parts together with similar quality at a rapid speed.Robot Spray ArmThe next tool will be the Spray Gun. As we know, Spraying as on the surface is never an easy job for human. Hence, it is also popular to apply the spray gun into robot arms to do atomizer for human. Besides to achieve nearly perfect quality or spraying, they also help to relieve the human from this hazardous and skilful job. Liquid used in the spray contained various unknown chemicals that might cause harm to human. At the same time, spray gun will not neutralise paints hence reducing the cost.Robot arm that can lift up heavy objects. Picture showing a man carried by robot arm.Pi cking, lifting and placing applications can be done through installing grippers. Materials used in industries are normally big and heavy. Besides of using electro- machinelike technologies, hydraulic and pneumatic technologies that produce multiply forces can be applied to the arm. Picking up of some objects haven been done by vacuum. To make sure the location of these devices are constant and accurate, location sensors have been installed as well 17.2.4.5 seat Exploration FieldWhen it comes to space exploration, by automatically we know that robots have been contributing a lot, or accomplishing most of the space exploration tasks. The only planet that human has set foot on, besides Earth is the Moon. However, our marvelous robots have set their feet in planets like Mars, Venus, Jupiter and including few comets and asteroids 18. Without them, human will not be able to know how the other planets look like and of course, without them human will never know that aliens do not appear in the planets within Solar System. We would not conclude that aliens do not appear in our real life because there are no researches stating that robots have been successfully sent out and explored the whole Universe and so, we never know what is going on outside our Universe. Robots have been used widely in this field because of the not-habitable environment for human beings. Eliminate the matter of oxygen human are not able to cope with the different pressure and gravitational force on the other planets. Therefore costly cosmonaut suits have been created and in fact they are already being created, and this will never be an intelligence act. There are also risks snarly when sending human to the planets and back to the Earth. Several cases evanesceed in the past where explosions of space shuttle caused death to human.Logo of NASAIt is common when people talk about space exploring, they will think of NASA 19, in full issue astronautics and Space Administration. NASA is an agency that has been established on July 29, 1958. Before the establishment of NASA, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics(NACA) is also an agency which is responsible for every space programs in United States. NASA has led the human nation towards the knowledge of space, after launching Apollo to the Moon, and then invented and released the space station, Skylab and later the Space Shuttle.The historical moment when Neil Armstrong represented his nation to be the first man to metre on the Moon.Apollo program is one of the worlds most amazing events in the narration that it was the first program that brought human to the Moon and back to the land safely. Apollo 1 caused a tragedy that kills all the astronauts who were inside due to a fire during experimental simulation. Thus, several experiments and observations had carried out before they boarded the human and sent them to the Moon. At last Apollo 11 had successfully landed the first men on the moon, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldr in 20.Skylab was the first space station that had been launched to the orbit by United States in 1973. In the space station there are laboratories watchful for the researchers to carry out scientific experiments and studies such as the Sun, space flight, metallic-crystal growth, microgravity, and solar observatory. But in few years time, Skylab fell from the orbit on 11 July 1979. Currently Skylab have been replaced and named as International Space range (ISS) 21.The famous robots in space with no doubt have to be the serial publication of Orbiters, Rovers and Landers that have been sent to Mars in the previous years. The first orbiter which was sent to Mars on July 14, 1965 is trap 4. Launching of Mariner 4 has been a great achievement as it enables the human to have a closer relation on the other planets after smashing amount of water required to cause the erosion shown. Picture taken by Viking 1 on Mars.it sent back the photos of Mars. In the series of Landers, 2 Viking Lande rs, Viking 1 and Viking 2 had been released to Mars in the year 1976 with the full complement of orbiters that send back photos and scientific data. Life detection application was installed to the landers to detect life on Mars but however, the result sent back an indecipherable data. From the newest research by NASA, they found that the Mars is covered with large amount of gas called Methane, which is also one of the main components found in the Earth. Methane gas in the Earth is largely produced by organism when digesting of nutrients. However, it can also being released to the air through geological processes. Thus, it is still unclear whether if there are organisms survive under the permafrost layer of Mars 22. There are other more advance robots that have been sent for world(a) exploration. These include Sojourner and Mars Exploration Rovers (MERs). The 2 robots mentioned are tele-operated which they required humans control. However, MERs have been a better robot due to larg er mechanical size and also equipped with better communication and instrumentation than Sojourner. Sojourner was sent to Mars in 1997 and MERs is in 2004 24.However, in such numbers of space robots, Sputnik 1 has been the very first robot that was sent to the space. Mariner 2 by U.S. was the first robot that flown to Venus on 12 declination 1962. In the same year, a Russian space robot, Venera 7 was the first human-made vehicle to successfully land on another planet and transmits data back to Earth.Voyager 1There was a mission, the Voyager mission, sent robot and explore the world outside of our Solar System. Voyager 1 and 2 were launched in 1977. Voyager 1 as in June 19, 2009, was at a distance about 16.49 billion kilometres away from the Sun, presently the furthest man-made object in the space 24.In these decades, there are numerous missions that have been set and hopefully soon or later, robots can help to accomplish these missions.2.5 Side Effects of RobotsThe side effect of r obots is mean that the negative issues or disadvantages which robots will bring to our world if there are over used or over populated. Although robots is create to assist us human to improve our life, but they may bring harm to us as well if we do not use them wisely.From the research we made, there are some disadvantages of robotic system and robots, when normal people to operate the robots, the functions are limited and only the creator or programmers what those functions are. Although robots is been programmed, but they may not function properly in case of an emergency or unexpected occasion. The cost for built the robots and robotic systems are very high, this make it needs to have full consideration before built it. Besides, it may need to have more extra funds and spaces to provide the facilities to build the robots.There are some moral issues occur if the robotic systems and robots have over used. The too much using of robots and robotic systems in our society making us human beings become more dependent upon robot. Because of this, many people will always depend on robots to done their works (this could be possibly happen like in the movie Surrogates, where the human just stay in their home and control their look alike robot to works). The advance use of robots and robotic systems may replace the human labour and causing people to lose their jobs and facing economic matter.In medical field, if the robotic systems and robots have taking over majority of the doctors job for example, certain surgeries, this may cause certain people may not be able to access the services due to lack of funds. This may also happen in some other fields, this can be describe in military field, because robots are more advance therefore, which country that are rich and own many military robotics system and robots will be the most powerful country. These mean that, if we do not want this negative effect to be happening in the future, we should wisely use the robots and balance t he functi