Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif: Corruption in the Government

Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif depravity in the G e re altogetherywherenmentIntroductionMian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif, a k at one timen politician, businessman and before long serving as the 18th primary Minister of Pakistan, he was excessively elected as Prime Minister in 1990 to 1993 and 1997 to 1999. Sharif is the president of Pakistans roundst presidential termal fibrey known as Pakistan Muslim League Nawaz (PMLN) which has perplex politics in 2013 (Crilly, 2013). The eggshell which I leave merely discuss in this paper is fixd to the stainion in g everyplacening sector. In this case Prime Minister Sharif is the key person who has mis workoutd his positions, authority and innovation power by means ofout his political c atomic number 18er. Sharif touch ond into politics in untimely 1980s and in 1985 he was appointed as Chief Minister of Punjab the to the racyest degree populous province (Hindustantimes, 2013), his political c beer was just started and he establishe d the concept of knowting rich through stealing bullion from matter as couch. History evidently says that he economic consumptiond different strategies to add up in his person-to-person riches which include kickbacks, deprave and stealing from cosmos funds, money laundering, tax evasion and mis delectation of official resources and use them for personal use. All these interprets has led Sharif Pakistans 4th richest person (Khan, 2013).The corruptionSharif was already convolute in his family business Ittefaq Industries before entering to politics, but during his political control in Punjab in 1980 and early 1990s Ittefaq Industries raised up from its original single manufactory into 30 businesses producing paper, sugar, steel and textiles with total $ cd one thousand thousand of income, became one of the bountifulst cliquish multi tribeal comp each in Pakistan (Baker, 2005, pp. 82-83). To enrich his personal wealth first thing he did upon becoming rash minister in 1990 was general anatomy a long super main road from Lahore to Islamabad city, the estimated cost of the forcing out was 8.5 billion rupees, the project gone through 2 biddings. Daewoo a Korean company fortify its proposal in secret meetings, the job was done comfortably but the cost of project went over 20 billion rupees. In actual the money over 8.5 billion was in the pockets of both the minister and the whirl company. The like descriptor of scandal was done in wheat deal, Sharif purchased wheat from a private US and Canada company which were close participator of him and paid $58 trillion from dry get carry outal as prune which were representation to a coarseer extent than market value. By acquire wheat from his associate benefits Mr. Sharif and half of the money were kept by him and his partner (Baker, 2005, p. 84).An different major scandal in which Sharif involved was of bribery. He and his fellows were involved in winning bribery. Lt. General Naseerullah Babar, th e interior minister had revealed and prove order that the Inter-Service Intelligence (ISI) distributed money to acquire the loyalty of various politicians including Nawaz Sharif to control the elections of 1990 and convey rough the defeat of Pakistan Peoples Party (another political party). This case is still pending in Supreme Court of Pakistan for the last 24 years (Jhootay Log, 2011). levy evasion and unpaid bank loans were excessively the favorite ways for Sharif to get rich. On his loss of power the upraising political party came up with the disceptation of 322 largest loan defaulters representing $3 Billion out of $4 Billion own to banks. Sharif and his brother was labelled for $ 60 Million, Mr. Sharif was widening his business and properties inter across the nation by using public funds, 3 in British Virgin Is arenas by the names of Nescoll, Nielson, and Shamrock and other in Is subverts known as Chandron Jersey Pvt. Ltd.How things RevealedIn 1994 Pakistans Federal In vestigation Agency started looking into financial affairs of Sharif and his family, the inquiry was supervised by Rahman Malik, Director General of the agency, the inquiry took 5 years and they came up with the shocking revelations in 1998. The records, includes signed affidavits from Pakistani officials, position records and bank files and other government document adduced that Mr. Sharif and his family benefited from theme wealth and all told above scandals were revealed at that time.The report in the end state that The extent and magnitude of this corruption is so staggering that it has put the very integrity of the country at stake. (Baker, 2005, p. 84). Rahman Malik in an interview said that No other leader of Pakistan has taken that much money from the banks. There is no rule of law in Pakistan. It doesnt exist. (Wwiner LeVine, 1999)The progenysAfter things were revealed General Pervaiz Musharraf (former forefront of army) and other political leaders and legislators conv icted Sharif and penalized to vitality prison, but in 2000 deported him to Saudi-Arabian Arabia. His wrong actions motivated other politicians to keep open on the same encompass of corruption with the nation as later in 2008 another corrupt politician Asif Ali Zardari (former Prime Minister) appeared and looted the nation the same way Sharif did.The conceive of mass on politicians flew extraneous as their money was mis utilise by those with power and authorities, patriotism decreased and now community are much affaired in personal festering rather than cumulative fruit as nation. In addition to this mess in 2013, Sharif a amplification sojourn on the Prime Minister of Pakistan and all the charges were cleared by National answerableness Bureau (NAB) to permit him take part in election , this has showed the nation that money and power speaks more than anything else. (Nasir, 2013)Ethical IssuesThe key honest issues which were break in the case were betraying to the c itizens of the country, misusing and stealing of national assets, theft, taking and giving bribe to accomplish personal interest and unethical use of power and authorities. The Prime Minister in a democratic country is elected by its citizens as they trust them and give the responsibility to use national assets for the growth of country and value the basic understandable principle and ideology of the nation but in Sharifs case he did many unethical act for which he was supposed to be guilty but nearhow he managed to escape and pushed the values and feeling of citizens into stake. His duty and principles ruined the phenomena of ethical politics his decisions in political career were neither musical arrangementatic, self-conscious, or broody nor rise-reasoned. As it is said Ice melt from the top his acts as well as let other government officials to escape through the hands of law and continue to work unethically. Laws are not do to break and in the meat of legislation everyone is equal. But in this case equality has disappeared same flock in air.Whats greater than a loss of trust from citizens of a country towards its appointed leaders, current political condition had made a great impact on a nations social ethical dimensions, things that were supposed to be ethically wrong has now become a part of system, adding to this mess lack of literacy has contributed to choose a wrong political leader.ReferencesBaker, R. W. (2005). Dirty Money at Work. In Capitalisms Achilles cad (pp. 82-83). Hoboken, hot Jersey John Wiley Sons, Inc.Crilly, R. (2013, May 11). Pakistan elections Nawaz Sharif eyes re play to power. Retrieved from http//www.telegraph.co.uk/ http//www.telegraph.co.uk/ tidings/world crudes/asia/pakistan/10046017/Pakistan-elections-Nawaz-Sharif-eyes-return-to-power.htmlHindustantimes. (2013, May 12). Once exiled, Nawaz Sharif makes triumphant return to Pak politics. Retrieved from http//www.hindustantimes.com/ http//www.hindustantimes.com/news-fee d/pakistanpolls2013/once-exiled-nawaz-sharif-makes-triumphant-return-to-pak-politics/article1-1059015.aspxJhootay Log. (2011, Dec). Retrieved from http//jhootaylog.wordpress.com/ http//jhootaylog.wordpress.com/nawaz-sharifs-corruption/Khan, E. (2013). Top 10 Pakistani Richest People. Retrieved from http//www.wonderslist.com/ http//www.wonderslist.com/top-10-pakistans-richest-people/Nasir, J. (2013, Apr 9). NAB, FBR clear Sharif brothers on charges of tax evasion. Retrieved from http//www.aaj.tv http//www.aaj.tv/2013/04/nab-fbr-clear-sharif-brothers-on-charges-of-tax-evasion/Wwiner, T., LeVine, S. (1999, October 21). Former Leader of Pakistan May confront Corruption Trial. new-fangled York Times.Dirty Money of Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif June 20141The southeastward of Eng shore up Land Development IssuesThe southeasterly of Eng get Land Development IssuesPressure on phylogeny kill in the South-East of Eng primer The need for sustainable architecture.IntroductionChapter One Literature look backwardChapter ii Development LandChapter Three sustainable ArchitectureChapter cardinal South-East of Eng bring inThe purpose of this dissertation is to discuss and evaluate the extort on developing land in the South- East of England, and how that haul relates to the need for sustainable architecture. The reasons for in that localisation of function being gouge on victimisation land in the South-East of England will be described and analysed, as will any differences with the other kingdoms of Britain. The reasons for setting aside or using the available festering land and why sustainable architecture should be choose in the South-East of England will be fully evaluated.As will be demonstrated there are various and competing factors that apparently increase the pressure to make full use of all available reading land in the South-East of England. The available growing land in the South-East of England is in high demand to be utilise for the take a crapion of municipal lodgement, as well as for commercial, leisure, and industrial expression programmes. To a large extent rally government and local anaesthetic authorities beat act to control the look of much(prenominal)(prenominal) new construction programmes through systems of urban supply, as well as building regulations that switch applied crosswise the total of Britain. The reasons why the South-East of England should nonplus a need for sustainable architecture will also be examined in depth. The case for making all the new construction projects designed around the concepts of sustainable architecture shall also be examined, to discuss whether more environsally foc utilise building designs will lessen the impact of new construction programmes, as well as reducing semipermanent contamination.IntroductionSustainable architecture and the use of festering land are closely linked with the practices and theories of what form the theme of urban and farming(pre nominal) readying, as well as ideas concerning the necessity for long-term environsal sustainability. urban, and to a lesser extent rural planning, became more general in their application throughout Britain after 1945, when increase aims of primal government intervention were experienced in many social and economic fields. plan was deemed to be the best way of clear up Britains hold problems (Taylor, 1998 p. 3). tilt magnitude levels of urban and rural planning were justified at the end of the spot World war due to the need for extensive post-war reconstruction. The South-East of England in general, and capital of the United Kingdom in particular had suffered from widespread bomb damage, which meant that fully or partially washed-up houses, factories, and retail units had to be replaced by well be after buildings which would be an improvement upon the previous buildings. In the immediate post-war intent it was believed that a systematic use of town and country plann ing would be inhering for the reconstruction of Britain, with a much higher(prenominal) standard of building to teammate higher employment, the welfare state, and the National Health Service. The purpose of these policies and institutions was to prolong life and promote good health throughout the whole universe of dis pattern (Meller, 1997 p67).The increased use of urban and rural planning was not think to foster the environment in an bionomic way, or indeed to promote sustainable architecture, rather it was greatly expanded in scope to make the or so rational use of scarce ontogeny land. However, there would be measures adopted which would conserve large playing areas of countryside, and give hold dearion despite the need to re-house millions of families in 1945 (Southall, 2000 p. 336). There were groups that wished to conserve specific areas that supported rare forms of animal and engraft life, and even groups that wished to preserve old historical buildings, as well as buildings distinguished by their architectural styles (Meller, 1997 p67). When added together such groups did not gibe to an ecological lobby that think to change agricultural, architectural, or industrial practices to protect the environment. These groups however, were able to heavily find the decision to restrict urbanisation taking over the countryside. Post-war reconstruction was the catalyst for the largest programmes of publicly funded construction in Britain. domain expenditure was mandatory due to the sheer scale of reconstruction required, with London and the South-East of England being a major beneficiary of those programmes. Architecture and planning were used for these large-scale programmes rather than just for individual buildings. The involvement of central government in the promoting and livelihood of large-scale public building programmes and the use of increment land was high until the early part of the 1970s (Greed, 1996 p. 35). much(prenominal) wide-ranging building programmes were not only intended to replace the buildings destroyed during the Second World War. The post-war building programmes were also intended to replace the slums in the internal cities of London, Birmingham, Liverpool, as well as elsewhere. The construction programmes were intended to make the South-East of England a much more hospitable place to live in, just as the rest of Britain was also intended to be like (Sheail, 2002 p. 62). New construction and renovation of vivacious houses was an imperative, as 2 million of them condemned and another 3 million lacking in essentials (Southall, 2000 p. 337). The South-East of England also benefited from the construction of new towns such as Milton Keynes and Stevenage that were planned as absolute towns with purpose create domesticated housing and business premises. The Atlee government was so keen upon the creation of new towns to solve the post-war housing shortages that it regulated such construction through the N ew Town Act of 1946 (Sheail, 2002 p. 62). The construction of the New Towns was considered to be essential for both high economic growth and for solving the national post-war housing shortage. The Atlee government regarded the new towns as being passing beneficial to peoples health as they moved away from major cities and industrial areas to places with cleaner air (Meller, 1997 p67). In ecological wrong such construction was calumnious to the environment as more land was create upon and it meant a greater amount of contaminant from traffic emissions, though of course nobody understood such implications at that time. Improvements in capture infrastructure and increase levels of car ownership meant that the new towns were economically viable, as well as allowing their inhabitants to commute to the major cities to work in them (Daniels, Bradshaw, Shaw, Sidaway, 2005 p. 147). Urban planning was thus considered to be very reusable for the progress and study of London and the So uth-East of England, which traditionally has been the most populous and easy share of Britain. Urban planning was also intended to increase the prosperity levels of the other regions in Britain to be as high as potential to first mate the levels achieved in the South-East of England (Southall, 2000 p. 337). Controlled expansion of urban areas into the new towns was intended to solve the immediate post-war housing shortage and revive the British economy, whilst leaving the great bulk of the countryside untouched by new housing construction (Taylor, 1998 p.3). prior improvements in agricultural techniques meant that farming became more efficient across the nation which had quickened the stair of urbanisation in Britain as a whole. Urbanisation in Britain had already had a strong impact upon the environment that went beyond the replacement of the countryside with polluting factories and bad slum housing (Southall, 2000, p. 335). Higher crop yields from less land had the progeny that more land in rural areas became available to be used as development land. The greater availability of former agricultural land meant that is was easier to find enough land to construct new towns or expand existing cities across Britain. Urbanisation was a unconscious process that was accelerated by the need of industrial towns and cities to find workers to continue their expansion (Goudie Viles, 1997 p. 5).To begin with, the volume of new homes were traditional style houses that formed large council house estates unspoiled across the country, in architectural terms there was very unforesightful innovation or thought given to making the new housing stock architecturally sustainable or environmentally friendly. More tutelage was instead devoted to making all new houses comfortable, clean, and ensuring they were being streng consequentlyed to last (Greed, 1996 p. 35). The new homes were intended to be better and larger than the ones that they had replaced. The majority of large cities and the new towns in Britain had millions of council houses built in their areas mingled with 1945 and the early 1970s. However, it was much harder to find adequate amounts of development land in inner city areas which led to the building of high rise tower blocks which allowed a greater number of people to be housed without increasing the total area of the development land required (Sheail, 2002 p. 62). Unfortunately, high rise tower blocks constructed during the mid-sixties and the 1970s in the South-East of England, as well as nationally failed to be an adequate form of long- term and sustainable architecture that allowed people to be housed in condom or comfort. The failure of many high rise tower blocks to be sustainable forms of housing had the affect of increasing the pressure on development land. It has also meant that tower blocks guide had to be refurbished or more frequently demolished (Meller, 1997 p. 63). As the picture downstairs shows the 1950s and t he 1960s also witnessed the construction of low-rise apartment blocks which reach proved to be longer lasting than tower blocks built during the same period of time. The picture is of apartment flats constructed in Ham Common in Richmond between 1955 and 1958 (Frampton, 1997 p. 266).Although the amount of new housing construction was hefty not all the available land had been developed or built upon. Land remained set aside for agricultural purposes, whilst other land was leave un-built upon and not always used for farming. The land that was left alone and was set aside and thus not allowed to be used for domestic housing or industrial sites were referred to as the honey oil blast. The thou belt was created to act as a buffer zone between urban and rural areas as a means to limit urbanisation (Greed, 1996 p. 82). Central government set aside areas that were designated as green belt zones to preserve the countryside nationally as well as but in the South-East of England. Althou gh, it was possible to build on green belt land the process of gaining planning permission from central government and the relevant local authority was a long drawn out one which deterred most property developers and construction firms from doing so. Local interest groups have often being highly candid in their opposition to any schemes that have been suggested (Clapp, 1994 p. 138). Clapp estimated that with national parks and designated green belt zones that in England and Wales more than a fifth of the countryside now has soaked protection against development (Clapp, 1994 p. 140).Therefore, the bulk of available development land was voiceless in urban areas, often referred to as brown field sites (Greed, 1996 p. 82). For central government there are advantages for using brown field sites (Kim Rigdon, celestial latitude 1998 p. 5). For instance, using such sites allows for economic regeneration, employment creation as well as less pressure to build on green belt land. Recycling land on brown field sites is a mode of preserving rural areas being used as development land (Clapp, 1994 p.139).The pressure to use greater amounts of development land has arguably increased significantly in recent years throughout Britain as a whole. The pressure to use development land has risen due to a gang of social, economic, and political factors. For instance, in social terms the demographic changes to the British community have had significant, and it could even be argued, profound performances upon the demand for development for new construction programmes. These demographic changes have occurred as a consequence of the British population ageing, the increasing number of adults who live on their own, as well as the major increase in the number of immigrants who have settled in Britain in the past decade or so. These changes have meant that more people within Britain are seeking a higher number of places to live in. Another reason for the raised levels of pressure up on development land is caused by the potential financial gains from building new houses, as well as new retail or industrial complexes. The level of financial gains that could be made has been boosted since 1979 by the shifting away from the publicly funded housing programmes to a market led approach to determining the rank of new housing construction and the ownership of existing housing (Allmendinger and Thomas, 1998 p. 5).Of course even greater numbers of domestic homes and retail premises has a knock on effect on the amount of infrastructure such as schools, hospitals, and roads which are required in Britain as a whole. The building of new forms of infrastructure will only increase the environmental impact of new construction programmes (Kim Rigdon, December 1998 p. 5). A fuller register and a more comprehensive examination of the increased pressures on the development land in Britain in general will be presented in the specific chapter on development land. The more detailed military rating of the pressures upon development in the South-East of England will be presented in the specific chapter somewhat the South-East of England.Not only has there been pressure to use more development land in Britain generally and in the South-East of England in particular, there has been more pressure for new construction programmes to use building techniques and technology linked with sustainable architecture. Sustainable architecture may have been a concept, which started in the United States, yet it could be very valuable to put its ideas into action across the globe (Kim Rigdon, December 1998 p. 5). The notion of sustainable architecture is in itself influenced by ideas almost making or enable architecture maximise the utility and the subsequent life span of all new construction, whilst minimising the amount of resources needed in the initial construction and the sustenance of buildings. Sustainable architecture, when possible, uses resources that is renewable , recyclable, and biodegradable. There are various motivations for adopting sustainable architecture when it comes down to the construction and the completion of all new building programmes. Motivations that include the minimising of development land used, as well as making use of new technology to conserve energy, the conservation or recycling of finite resources, as well as reducing the levels of water consumption. Reducing the level of pollution and attempting to slow down the consequences of global warming are also factors in the promotion and implementation of sustainable architecture (Kim, Rigdon, Graves, August 1998 p. 5). Of course, there is the influence of legislation upon the use of sustainable architecture techniques to reduce the environmental and ecological impact of new construction programmes. Property developers and construction firms have to harmonize with measures to protect the environment introduced by the British government and the European wedding (Hough, 2 004 p. 190).As will be shown in the specific chapter about sustainable architecture the majority of methods used to improve environmental sustainability are relatively straight antecedent to incorporate into the designs of new building programmes, and in some cases into existing buildings. Sustainable architecture could be achieved by using construction materials that are less damaging to the environment, or materials that have been obtained from recycled and renewable resources. Making buildings as environmentally sustainable as possible during new construction projects (as will be examined in greater depth) will achieve the over all objectives of those that practice and argue for the implementation of sustainable architecture. It is most practical to build features or equipment which produces environmental sustainability during new construction projects rather than afterwards. The pressures to adopt sustainable architecture in many ways are contradictory, yet are also connected with the pressures to raise the levels of development land used up for new building programmes.Other motivations for adopting sustainable architecture include applying measures that are requirements for gaining planning permission, as well as ensuring that all new buildings adopt with all the minimum standards for safeguarding the environment set by the British government and also by the European Union. The British government has set standards for domestic and retail buildings since the 1950s. For instance, to rid London of its previously renowned smog and shock by reducing smoke emissions from domestic homes and factories alike under the trade protection of the Clean Air Act. The European Union has taken a greater interest in promoting environmental sustainability since the 1980s, believing that such actions to protect the immanent environment on a regional rather than a national basis would be far more effective in doing so (Hough, 2004 p. 190).Chapter One Literature ReviewU rban cookery and the British New Right, by Allmendinger and Thomas was primarily used as a source of prolongation for the ways in which the Conservative governments between 1979 and 1997 altered housing and economic policies in Britain. This take hold also contained entropy about the introduction of more extensive government environmental protection policies, which were started during that period of Conservative administration. The book demonstrates the contradictions between the strong Conservative support for save market economics and the increasing understanding that central government needed to act to protect the environment.Brian Clapps An Environmental History of Britain from the Industrial alteration is a good source of culture with regard to development land and the impact of the green belt zones on limiting building programmes to already urbanised areas. The book provides a profitable insight into the establishment and the move maintenance of green belt zones in m odern Britain.An introduction to piece Geography Issues for the 21st century by Daniels, Bradshaw, Shaw, and Sidaway proved a useful source of info about development and the environmental impacts of human employment such as constructing buildings and using fossil fuel in buildings. The book assists in explaining why such impacts on the environment would provide a catalyst for sustainable architecture.Modern architecture a critical write up by Kenneth Frampton was used as a source of pictures and credit for reading about architectural styles and building materials. There was also a apprize section concerning the planning of the new town constructed at Milton Keynes during the early 1970s.The populace Transformed an introduction to Human Impacts on the Environment by Goudie and Viles was used to obtain reading about development land and the impact of unsustainable architecture and building techniques upon pollution levels and global warming. The book contained information about the harmful consequences of global urbanisation and industrialization.Cities Natural Process A basis for sustainability, by Michael Hough was a useful reference book for discussing development land and issues that relate to enhancing environmental sustainability. This book was also useful because there was a greater focus upon Britain within it. The book contained suggestions and examples of how sustainability could be achieved with the help of sustainable architecture.postwar A history of Europe since 1945 by Tony Judt was solely used for information about immigration into Britain in the last decade or so.Sustainable Architecture Introduction to Sustainable Design by Kim and Rigdon is an article which explores the abstractive and practical background to sustainable architecture. It was used to gain information for the chapter, which dealt with sustainable architecture specifically. That information was also for the chapter concerning the need for any new construction pro grammes in the South-East of England to embrace sustainable architecture.Pollution Prevention in Architecture Introductory Module by Kim, Rigdon, and Graves provides further hypothetical and practical insights into the ideas contained within the notion of sustainable architecture. This article contained strong arguments as to why sustainable architecture should be implemented across the world and not just in a single specific region of one particular country. This article proved a sound reference for the chapters concerning sustainable architecture and the necessity of its use in the South-East of England.Towns, plans, and night club in modern Britain by Helen Meller was used to gain background friendship of the establishment of a more vigorous and restrictive planning restrictive framework brought into operation after the end of the Second World War. That information was then included within the introduction and the specific chapter dealing with the pressures upon the use of d evelopment land.Urban and Environmental Planning in the UK, by Yvonne Rydin provides useful information concerning the protection of the environment through planning regulations and restrictions. Provides good reference material as to how the British government and the European Union have attempted to reduce environmental damage through restrictions on development land and building or other regulations to cut pollution and enhance sustainability.A History of Britain 3, End of Empire 1776 2000, by Simon Schama was used to gain information as to why the Conservative party did not come up the extended provision of council houses introduced by the Atlee government until after 1979. The book also had information about the ideological changes that Margaret Thatcher brought into Britain and the consequences of such changes.An Environmental History of twentieth Century Britain by John Sheail was a book, which discussed the developments within the environment of Britain between 1900 and 20 00. Sheail examines how the understanding of environmental issues in Britain developed in the latter part of the twentieth century. The book was informative in relation to the development of policies that were intended to protect the environment and promote sustainability.The City In time and berth by Aidan Southall was a book used to assist with the description and evaluation of the use as well as the restrictions placed upon the availability of development land within Britain. Southalls account in particular provided information concerning the effective regeneration of brown field sites within the immediate region of London besides providing an insight into the construction of the new towns in the upshot of the Second World War.Ecological Architecture A critical history by Steele provided some useful practical and theoretical information about the concepts and the designs of sustainable architecture.Life Cycle Analysis for Automobiles, by Sulivan and Hu was used solely for the data concerning the amount of energy needed to produce aluminium, polyethene, PVC and steel, canvas the consumption to produce the materials new with when those products are recycled.Urban Planning Since 1945 by Nigel Taylor was a highly useful source of information with regard to the development and the continuance of planning restrictions as well as building regulations. The information about the uses of town and country planning besides the motivations for the establishment and the continuation of green belt land areas was of great use. Taylor also included some succinct information about environmental sustainability within this book.Brenda Vales Green Architecture Design for a Sustainable Future is a good introduction to the concepts and the designs most strongly linked with sustainable development.Chapter Two Development LandPrior to the start of the twentieth century there was very little formal or legal regulation or planning undertaken when it came down to the use of dev elopment land. There was in effect little to prevent the construction of new building programmes, let alone notions about limiting the size and the scope of such programmes to protect the environment or promote ecological sustainability (Taylor, 1998 p. 3). Central government by and large did not intervene to prevent individuals, businesses of various sizes, or indeed local authorities from using development land in any way that they wished to do so. The central government was willing to permit any parties to construct new buildings upon such development land, especially if the party responsible for constructing such buildings already owned the land, which was been built upon (Greed, 1996 p. 2). The freedom with which new buildings could be built was demonstrated by the ability of the majority of landowners to choose the style of architecture in the construction of their homes, factories, or shops. Landowners had the option of making their buildings as gee as possible or as cheap t o construct as possible (Kim Rigdon, December 1998 p. 5). They did not have to consider that their right to build on their land would be restricted by the location of that land in relation to the nearest city or its place in the countryside. Landowners and their architects did not believe that there was any profound need to change what they built or how they built it in order to protect the environment and promote sustainability (Sheail, 2003 p. 2).Those building regulations that did exist were generally very minimalist in their actual nature, and were commonly introduced on an ad hoc basis. Architecture and the development of land were more likely to be influenced by changes in technology or improvements in economic development, as well as change in fashion and styles (Meller, 1997 p. 63). For instance, these houses started to have gas, electricity, and water supplies installed. These supplies of utility services were regulated by the central government (Daniels, Bradshaw, Shaw, Sidaway, 2005 p.115). Those services were also supplied to factories and shops, which were increasingly subject to health, and safety standards that were intended to prevent accidents, yet paid no charge to the land that they happened to be constructed on (Sheail, 2003 p. 2). The nineteenth century witnessed a quantum leap forward in the amount of land, which was built upon due to a raising population as well as increased levels of industrialisation. These factors happened to coincide with the development of meliorate infrastructure such as roads, railways, cloaca systems, public hospitals, and schools. The development of such infrastructure required large quantities of land, labour, and resources to be successfully completed, whilst in turn promoting higher levels of industrialisation and the migration of people from the countryside to the expanding cities. Some cities and regions benefited economically from such industrialisation more than others did. In Britain, industrialisa tion benefited the regions surrounding Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, and Glasgow. Over all though London and the South-East of England retained their position as the most prosperous region within Britain. Industrialisation came at a cost, namely pollution and greater levels of social inequality (Southall, 2000 p. 335). The development of gas, electricity, and water supplies alongside sewage systems made domestic houses more comfortable to live in and factories more productive due to having greater efficiency (Daniels, Bradshaw, Shaw, Sidaway, 2005 p.115).Before a system of urban and rural planning were introduced there was no specifically set aside development land. Market forces determined the use of land and what if anything was built upon it. If landowners found that their land was most profitably used for agricultural purposes then it would remain as agricultural land (Taylor, 1998 p. 3). If, however more money could be made from building houses, shops, or factories on the ir land, then that is what usually happened to that land. Landowners could also be tempted to sell their land to property developers, construction firms, or industrial enterprises if they were lucky enough to own land that those other parties matt-up in urgent need of developing (Meller, 1997 p. 62). It was market forces that drove the industrial revolution in Britain as well as also promoting the process of urbanisation. The processes of industrialisation and urbanisation meant that cities such as London, Birmingham, Manchester, and Glasgow greatly expanded in terms of both their geographical areas and their total population levels, which led to shoplifting in the size of rural areas in Britain as a whole (Southall, 2000 p. 335). It was also market forces that determined the location, size, and scope of housing, factories, and commercial buildings. There were no limitations to the size, location or scope of such buildings, and absolutely no attention was given to the environmental consequences of these building programmes (Sheail, 2003 p 2).The absence of building regulations and restrictions on the use of land meant that there was a great deal of colicky and substandard slum housing, which caused widespread illness. Illness occurred besides reflecting the poverty of those people that were unfortunate enough to have to live in such areas (Daniels, Bradshaw, Shaw, Sidaway, 2005 p.115). Planning regulations would have undoubtedly improved conditions, for instance introducing proper sanitation into the slums or having substandard housing replaced by higher quality houses for people to move into (Southall, 2000 p. 335). In rural areas fears that heavy industry and unsightly slums would in conclusion over take all the land within their close proximity prompted the can of organisations dedicated to the physical preservation of the countryside, the rural way of life, and its wildlife (Clapp, 1994 p. 138). The countryside preservation organisations would eventual ly have a strong influence on the establishment of the green belt zones and the restricted availability of development land in the more predominantly rural areas of Britain (Allmendinger and Thomas, 1998 p. 55).It was after the end of the First World War that the central government and local authorities took a greater interest in the construction of housing and how land was actually being used in domestic housing and industrial or commercial construction programmes. The role of the market in deciding how many houses were built and the location of where those houses were constructed was reduced with the development of council houses (Taylor, 1998 p. 3). The provision of affordable housing built by local authorities and subsidised by central government funding meant that there was increased public involvement in the determination of land usage. The use, abuse, or the non-use of land was no longer solely determined by market forces. The involvement of central government and local autho rities was intended to reduce poverty, ill health, and social exclusion. At no point in the inter-war period were measures taken to introduce town and country planning with the tendency of protecting the environment or promoting sustainability as nob