The Organizational Behavior

Organizational behavior studies human behavior in the workplace and the interaction between people and the organization. When applied to understanding organizational culture, the set of understandings or meanings share by a group of people, and diversity, the differences that exist between individuals, organizational behavior helps a company gain competitive advantage. It does so by improving access to and retention of labor as well as worker productivity and company image. According to Vandeveer, Menefee and Sinclair (2006), organizational behavior is the systematic study of human behavior in the workplace, the interaction between people and the organization with the intent to understand and predict human behavior. Based on theories that behavior is generally predictable, there are differences between individuals, there are fundamental consistencies and that there are a set of rules in almost every organizational setting, organizational behavior explores relations in an attempt to determine causes and effects and draws conclusions based on scientific evidence. Two of the many areas of study include organizational culture and diversity. Organizational culture is a set of understandings or meanings shared by a group of people that are largely tacit among members and are clearly relevant and distinctive to the particular group which are also passed on to new members (Louis, 1980). There are three levels of organizational culture, behavior and artifacts, values, assumptions and beliefs defined by Schein (1988). Behavior and artifacts include expressions that can be seen, felt or heard, such as dress code, offices, awards and recognition and how people interact with each other. Values include things such as a company's mission statement, codes of conduct, and slogans. Assumptions and beliefs are tacit in nature; they are not visible and are not easily identified because they exist as unspoken rules. Underlying assumptions and beliefs grow out of values until they become taken for granted and drop out of awareness. The study of organizational culture is important because it affects productivity, performance, commitment, self confidence, and ethical behavior (Sathe, 1985). Diversity represents the differences that exist between individuals. It includes a broad range of things such as culture, race, ethnicity, gender, socioeconomics, age, physical and mental abilities, sexual orientation, religion, language, appearance, personality, learning and thinking styles, communication and conflict styles, family status, geography, military status, education, life and work experiences, and functional responsibility in a given organization (What is diversity? ) Goals of studying diversity in organizations are to understand and take advantage of similarities and differences of all people in achieving a company's mission. With this knowledge, it may be possible to establish a process that allows diverse groups of people to maximize productivity, creativity, and enjoyment to reach their full potentials without being advantaged or disadvantaged by irrelevant or limiting factors. A Business-Higher Education Forum representative states, â€Å"Demographic trends compel business and higher education to make a conscious investment in the development of the talent and productivity of all citizens. † (Corporate, higher education leaders warn: U. S. ust focus on diversity or face decline in competitiveness, 2002) In addition to recruitment, diversity in the workplace can reduce lawsuits and increase marketing opportunities, creativity, and business image (Esty, Griffin, and Schorr-Hirsh, 1995). Ultimately, organizational behavior is a discipline that can be used to improve an organization. Organizational culture and diversity are two areas that prove the tremendous potential for applying organizational behavior. Labor supply, retention and performance and company image depend on successful cultural and diversity practices.

Academic Integrity

Academic Integrity Integrity Is to follow high-quality morals when no one Is observing. Integrity Is a good quality to have because it makes the person more trustworthy and a better person in general. Academic integrity is when one is honest and fair when it comes to studies and to school. An example of academic integrity is when a person does not cheat even when the teacher leaves the room. If the person decides to take out his notes and cheat when the teacher leaves the room, he is displaying academic dishonesty.Why cheat? Maybe the student has many extracurricular and is unable to find time to study, he feels pressured by his parents and cheats to please them, or he Is just too lazy to study and cheats so he can keep his optional status. Students often cheat because they have an underlying Incentive, students rarely cheat for sport. In a high school setting students may cheat so they can get good grades and please their parents, others may cheat because they don't have time to stu dy. In high school, students must do well so they can get in to good colleges so they wont be left featureless.Because their whole lives depend on their performance n high school, they have an incentive to cheat. The consequences some students face for academic dishonesty in high school is a suspension or in some cases, expulsion. In universities, students are often more stressed than high school students and require more time for test preparation, but because of pressure, they may end up resorting to academic dishonesty in order to pass classes. In Carnegie Melon's Why do Students Cheat? Article, the author states that the college students are held o high expectations and are socially pressured to get good grades.Other students are Involved In volunteer work or have too many classes In their hands and do not have good time management to make time to study for assessments. Hopefully by facing the consequences of showing a lack of integrity, the student learns to become a person who comes to value honesty. Many who are dishonest face social consequences and lack of trust from peers and teachers/professors. Other consequences are facing trial, probation, sanctions, and dismissal from the institution.To have integrity is to practice it, while the student is learning and growing intellectually, they should be taught to value honesty and integrity so they can practice the principles. Another way to integrate integrity into our society is to establish a system where integrity is one of the highest principles, and if one was to show a lack of Integrity, they may face the consequences the community sees fit. Academic Integrity Is one of the most Important aspects of a learning environment. Without It, students will practice dishonesty and demoralize themselves. By shrub Integrity is to follow high-quality morals when no one is observing.Integrity is a time to study, he feels pressured by his parents and cheats to please them, or he is cheat because they have an underl ying incentive, students rarely cheat for sport. In a students must do well so they can get in to good colleges so they won't be left involved in volunteer work or have too many classes in their hands and do not have show a lack of integrity, they may face the consequences the community sees fit. Academic Integrity According the Walden University Student Handbook academic integrity to be essential for each student’s intellectual development (2013 Code of Conduct Student Handbook). This allows students opportunity to freely exchange, students and instructors attribution. Enrollment to the University solidifies a commitment to abide by the code of conduct. By instilling academic integrity within your writing it gives students a chance to write creatively while accepting the responsibility for academic integrity (COCSH, 2013). There are many reasons to maintain academic integrity, but it sometimes becomes difficult for this success to achieve at a doctoral level. It is important that students not deny themselves the opportunity to succeed by taking short cuts. Thus, this will compromise their integrity and violate the Student code of conduct. Students are encourages students to may submit questions and concerns to contact their faculty mentor, course instructor, or academic advisor. (2013) Plagiarism In my opinion, Plagiarism is taking someone's original ideas and writing and making it yours without giving proper credit to the author. Plagiarism can be avoided by always citing sources that ideas are derived from other works as use for your own ideas when writing. Credit should be given when credit is due (APA 2010,p15). Self-Plagiarism is when you do not present your own previously published works accurately. According to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, each time a student summarizes a passage or rearrange the order of a sentence by changing some of the words, credit to the source is required (APA 2010). This is required to safeguard other writer’s ideas. In some instances, such as describing details or an analytical approach extensive self-referencing is undesirable (APA 2010 p16). Citation It is necessary to avoid plagiarism this can be completed when citations occur and also when original ideas are not derived. According to the APA Manual the author, year, and specific page citation or paragraph are required quotation comprising of less than 40 words, should open, and close with double quotation mark and the source cited in parentheses. (APA, 2010, p171). An example of this would be â€Å"In the United States, the American Cancer Society (2007) estimated that about 1 million cases of NMSC and 59,950 cases of melanoma would be diagnosed in 2007, with melanoma resulting in 8,110 deaths†(Miller et al, 2009 p. 209. ) Conclusion In conclusion, Academic Integrity is imperative and should be adhered to in order to maintain the highest level of scholarly standards. Paraphrasing, citing author’s contributions correctly and acknowledging secondary sources allow readers to discover informative writings and strengthen the writer’s credibility to contribute accurately. Academic Integrity According the Walden University Student Handbook academic integrity to be essential for each student’s intellectual development (2013 Code of Conduct Student Handbook). This allows students opportunity to freely exchange, students and instructors attribution. Enrollment to the University solidifies a commitment to abide by the code of conduct. By instilling academic integrity within your writing it gives students a chance to write creatively while accepting the responsibility for academic integrity (COCSH, 2013). There are many reasons to maintain academic integrity, but it sometimes becomes difficult for this success to achieve at a doctoral level. It is important that students not deny themselves the opportunity to succeed by taking short cuts. Thus, this will compromise their integrity and violate the Student code of conduct. Students are encourages students to may submit questions and concerns to contact their faculty mentor, course instructor, or academic advisor. (2013) Plagiarism In my opinion, Plagiarism is taking someone's original ideas and writing and making it yours without giving proper credit to the author. Plagiarism can be avoided by always citing sources that ideas are derived from other works as use for your own ideas when writing. Credit should be given when credit is due (APA 2010,p15). Self-Plagiarism is when you do not present your own previously published works accurately. According to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, each time a student summarizes a passage or rearrange the order of a sentence by changing some of the words, credit to the source is required (APA 2010). This is required to safeguard other writer’s ideas. In some instances, such as describing details or an analytical approach extensive self-referencing is undesirable (APA 2010 p16). Citation It is necessary to avoid plagiarism this can be completed when citations occur and also when original ideas are not derived. According to the APA Manual the author, year, and specific page citation or paragraph are required quotation comprising of less than 40 words, should open, and close with double quotation mark and the source cited in parentheses. (APA, 2010, p171). An example of this would be â€Å"In the United States, the American Cancer Society (2007) estimated that about 1 million cases of NMSC and 59,950 cases of melanoma would be diagnosed in 2007, with melanoma resulting in 8,110 deaths†(Miller et al, 2009 p. 209. ) Conclusion In conclusion, Academic Integrity is imperative and should be adhered to in order to maintain the highest level of scholarly standards. Paraphrasing, citing author’s contributions correctly and acknowledging secondary sources allow readers to discover informative writings and strengthen the writer’s credibility to contribute accurately.

Marketing Essay

For any entrepreneur, marketing is an important component for the success of all businesses. Marketing can be identified as the process in which any business informs, satisfy and keep possessions of its customers. It is the main ingredient to bringing in customers to increase profits for a business. Many may think that marketing is as simple as advertisements and promotions but in the real business world to be successful, marketing is a bit more complex. A business needs a solid marketing plan to succeed and also to show the investors the company is able to return the investment the investors have given. For an entrepreneur to master the marketing skill the individual must understand the marketing mix. Marketing mix is the combination of the elements of marketing and what roles each element plays in promoting your products and services and delivering those products and services to your customers (about. com). Elements of Marketing Mix The marketing mix has four elements and until recently there have been a few new added elements which are referred to the 4 ps or the 7 ps of marketing mix. The 4 ps of marketing are product, place, price, and promotion and the additional p’s are process, people and physical evidence. When looking at it from a business sense of view it make a lot of sense because even though the added p’s can be explained in the original 4 ps, they each can stand alone. For instance process can be looked at as the protocol used by businesses for the marketing strategies and people can be seen as what they used to explain in debt the product or services. Last but not least physical evidence is what most consumers today go by which shows firsthand that a product or services does work. Product is the product and services offered to your customer, and how they are different from the competitors’ products. Businesses also have to make sure when offering a product to their customers it has to have the correct features meaning it must look good and work well and have enough to go around. Price is described as how you price your product or service so that your price remains competitive but still allows you to make a profit. In pricing businesses should also keep their targeted market in mind ensuring it is affordable to them and potential future customers. Place is describe as the distribution or where your business sells its products or services and how it gets those products or services to your customers. Place is very important because a business would want to make sure that their goods and services arrive when and where they are needed. For the promotion element it is the methods used to communicate the features and benefits of your products or services to your target customers. In today market promotion is made easier because your targeted consumer can be reached by the push of a button. With that being said businesses should keep technique and deliverance of the product and services offered into consideration also. The fifth p in marketing mix is described as people and is how your level of service and the expertise of the people who work for you can be used to set your business apart from the competitors. With the majority of products and services being offered by the click of a button, most consumers tend to rely on reviews to help them decide. If the business does not have the right people that look professional and have good ethics with the knowledge of the product or services they are selling it can hurt the business extremely. Which brings us to the saying a first impression last. Organization The Atlanta barber and beauty supply company or ABBS is an organization that supplies barber and beauty shops all around the country. They have been in business serving professional barber shops since 1946 with new, used and antique barber supplies and equipment. It is specifically marketed to the licensed barber or beautician shop owners. Just like any other organization ABBS has used the four elements of marketing mix to assist in the marketing strategy. For the product element the company has shown how each of their products are of great professional quality and last for years. Even though they sell top quality products, they also provide lower end products for those that maybe not willing or able to spend as much. They sell the same products as their competitors but they have a wider variety of clippers and shears in stock that are antiques. This allows them to provide their products to a larger consumer group from the older shops to the younger and ever changing shops. The company takes pride in having any kind of hair products in stock. Some barbers have specialty shops that only cater to an older market and likes nostalgic products and equipment to make their shop look and feel like the barber shops of the past, and ABBS has these products and items in stock and can ship them anywhere all around the world. This element does not affect the development of the company’s marketing strategy because it helps it by making sure the company keeps plenty of stock of their products. This element also gives the company a reason to look at other countries hair products to see what new products are being made and used in that country that can be sold to that market in the future. In the price element this affects the marketing strategy of the business by making the company decide how to price their products without making the price to expensive but attractive to customers to gain more customers than the competitors. The prices for the products are at competitive rates but lower than other barber supply companies because they give discounts to the owners of the barber shops. They also give a discount on shipping on all items purchased $60 and over. That is a strategy to bring in and keep more customers to use their internet website. The place element/distribution element for the ABBS is placed in 186 Mitchell St. S. W. Atlanta, GA that is the main building set for distribution of all barber and beauty products. The company utilizes its internet website by offering its products via e-commerce to a worldwide market. This affects the company’s marketing strategy and tactics in a good way by broadening their market to attract more customers. The more the clients they can generate worldwide the more the companies’ profits will increase. The internet is the best tool to advertise a business and its products these days, because of its power to reach a mass amount of people around the world in a matter of seconds. They also use catalogs to keep their existing customers updated on new products and price and can also be a good way of keeping them in the loop of new adventures to come. In past years the radio and TV ads were the top marketing tool for businesses, but it came with an expensive price to get a radio or TV ad spot it also only reached a local market so small businesses were stuck only doing business domestically. The internet made it easier and cheaper for mainly anyone to advertise anything to anyone all around the world. Now the company distributes its products from the main building in Atlanta to thousands of clients in many different countries. The ABBS Company has developed policies for its internet clients that are overseas; it also ships to APO/FPO addresses. In the promotion element the company communicates through the internet to advertise its products it also sends out catalog magazines to all new barbershops that are listed in the phone books of each city. The company is a top search when searched on Google. ABBS promotes the business in all forms of the marketing aspect, from newspaper ads, magazines, radio/TV ads, and the internet. Conclusion In conclusion new entrepreneurs understand that the marketing mix is a good tool to use when planning the marketing strategy of the business. It shows that these strategies are ever evolving with time and for a business to be and keep being successful their approach to cater to their consumer must also evolve. After identifying the four elements of marketing mix which are product, price, place, and promotion I was able to describe how each element affected the development of the company’s market strategy and tactics. I also described how each of the four elements was implemented for the business, and identified the industry in which ABBS exists.

Report on the viability of Braeside Distillery Essay

Report on the viability of Braeside Distillery - Essay Example This includes external factors like, an increase in the prices of oil, which has the capability of increasing its fixed costs. On an overall perspective, the company plans at producing and selling 30,000 bottles of Pure Gold, and if all factors remain constant, this is a very profitable initiative. For purposes of determining the viability and profitability of this project, there will be a need of using the concepts of the Break Even analysis. This will help the company to identify the point where the sale and production of Pure Gold will not result to a loss, or even a profit (Epstein, 2011). This point of intersection is called the Break Even point. Before the identification of this point, the following are the assumptions that the company should undertake, By carefully looking at this graph, where total revenue and total cost intercept each other, is the Break Even point. This means that, it is at this point of production, where the company will not make any losses nor any profits (Epstein, 2011). From the calculations and the graphical representation, it is possible to denote that the break-even point is 3980, which is a very low figure. This means that the production and sale of Pure Gold at the conditions identified is a very profitable venture. Furthermore, as previously discussed, the margin of safety of project is very high, which stands at 86.73%. This means that if the sales of the company fall to 86%, the company will still make some profits. One of the major areas where the company is vulnerable to is on the currency fluctuations and value (Epstein, 2011). Currently, the value of the currency stands at 1 pound is equal to 1.28 Euro. However, if the strength of the Euro increases, against the pound, this means that the profitability of the company would decrease. An increase in the strength of the Euro would mean that it trades at a lower price of 1.28 against the pound. Take for example; the current

Proposal that is aimed at wooing the financial support of a business Essay

Proposal that is aimed at wooing the financial support of a business funding agency - Essay Example In that respect, New Lemona Drink Entrepreneurs main goal is to provide the best nutritious soft drink to our clients’ at the most affordable prices in the market. Background Information The central issue of focus in this proposal is to establish the best remedial measure against the menace of malnutrition. This problem has been gaining momentum of the past centuries and is headed to ruin the better part of the coming generation. The increased nutritional imbalances and inadequate consumption of fruits has been blamed on this health matter. Nevertheless there are other unidentified factors attached to it that has not been given critical analysis so as to come up with an all round measure. It has also been noted that some of the nutritious measures that had been developed to curb this condition have failed woefully in different ways. It is out of this need by the society that New Lemona Drink entrepreneurs has invested resources to come up with an a soft drink that would see th e menace reduce by more than half by the year 2030. New Energy Drink Costing and Report for Investors The firm has decided to launch a new drink product named â€Å"New Lemona Drink†. In this regard the costing and other relevant information is presented below. On the basis of this information and analysis, a report for investors has been drawn. Assumptions Following are the assumptions on which the manufacturing and sales of the new energy drink are based: a. The company uses its already established main manufacturing unit which has enough capacity to meet the requirements for the production of â€Å"New Lemona Drink†. Furthermore, the machinery which was partially in use previously has also been deployed for the purposes of the production of this new product. b. There is no additional labor required for the production, as the management has initiated the day and night shifts for production. Initially only a quarter of the total labor employed is required and hencefor th with efficient rotation program, the company is employing its existing labor in the day and night shifts. c. The suppliers of the raw material for manufacturing â€Å"New Lemona Drink† are principally the same which are usually contacted for the purchase of raw materials for other products. Only one new supplier has been introduced being named here as â€Å"Juicy Suppliers and Manufacturers†. This supplier provides the material specially designed for the taste of the new product. d. The â€Å"New Lemona Drink† is manufactured by Fresh fruits. Harvested fruits will be used in the manufacturing of the entire drink. e. The drink will be available in containers of 300ml and 500ml f. The packing of the drink is outsourced from Olive Packaging Company. The drinks box carries the company name and logo with features of the product clearly mentioned. g. The company is employing the marginal costing approach in determining the cost and margins associated with the new p roduct. The approach will consider the variable portion of the total costs of the product and will then be subtracted from the revenue to show the total contribution margin of the product. This approach has been adopted on the basis that the manufacturing of this new product does not require significant amounts of fixed costs and therefore it is possible to analyze the profitability and viability of the product while

Working with Federal Reserves Publications Essay

Working with Federal Reserves Publications - Essay Example In the past Central Bankers have traditionally been close-mouthed and the Federal Reserve was often reluctant to state publicly what its current policy directive is; what its idea about future monetary policy actions including its predictions in relation to general economic conditions or interest rates (Ehrmann et al 2007). Hence periodic or regular publications may provide some detailed analysis of monetary policies for the preceding moths or years but does not divulge any information details regarding current of future polices. The conventional or common practice of the Federal Reserve in keeping quiet about present and future monetary policies have change recently becoming more transparent such that after meetings the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) publicly relates monetary policy decisions and central bank forecasts, which also includes justifications for any changes that were or are made (Ehrmann et al 2007). The justifications include considerations taken that resulted to the decision over the changes done on the said monetary policies. The trend of the economy and financial markets generally rely on the monetary policy standpoint and balance-of-risks appraisal of the Federal Reserves or Central Bank’s public statements in connection to inflation and other forms of economic circumstances. The transparency adopted by the Federal reserve lessens market uncertainty with respect to any future monetary policy. However, the Federal Reserve has an option to change its perception and views after making a public announcement regarding its policies. But even with the data or information made available on prior and future monetary policies, a precise determination of the effects of such policies on the general economy and its financial markets can be hard to identify mainly due to other economic factors that can change overtime. 2. Explain the Federal Reserve’s current view about inflation Inflation usually occurs when there is an excess demand, when prices rise when total spending made by consumers, business firms and the government go beyond the value of the total amount produced within a given economy (Roberts 2006). In relation to this, changes in monetary policies as well as fiscal policies contribute greatly to the level of demand which is affected by government purchases, total consumption and investments made (Roberts 2006). However, this has no actual connection to the price level that is similar to the actual price of a single commodity; especially if all other changeable factors are constant like income (wages) and the prices of other goods. The collective price level normally indicates that all other prices are shifting as well. Therefore, incomes usually rise and fall with the level of prices because income is obtained from the price and quantity of goods sold (Roberts 2006). Issues regarding shifts or changes in the economy are quite complicated sine in real terms output in answer to demand cannot increase bey ond the full level of employment which triggers an increase in spending that can merely be attained at higher prices. This can be illustrated in the Philips curve where total demand can be slimmed down or increased in tandem with supply in order to attain full employment output with supply in order to attain full employment output with stable prices. Reality wise, demand is affected by difference in government spending and taxation (fiscal policy) or by the variation s in monetary factors that affects business investment spending. As a whole, it is difficult for the Federal Reser

Writing a Rabbi Sermon #3 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Writing a Rabbi Sermon #3 - Research Paper Example Here is a good example; back in the year 1982, a rabbi who was at then a U.S. Sixth Fleet navy chaplain within an Italian town had his daughter attend one of the catholic preschool within the area for the first day. H hoped that his daughter would learn Italian as well as come to have new friends out of the navy base. After school, he was waiting for his daughter and so began to wonder if at all he had prepared his daughter for a catholic school run by nuns in their black traditional habit. He was wondering how the day might have been for his child when suddenly the school bus appeared. Through the window his daughter looked so happy when they finally reunited she could not wait to tell him how she had, had quite an interesting day and the lovely teachers from sound of music. Definitely, this he did not expect. Why? Because of the stories that had modeled his view of nuns (Resnicoff, 2014). The stories that this rabbi had known had become the way through which e viewed the world of nuns. People’s believes are their foundation as well as framework for their vision. If this little girl had grown up under the influence of anti-Catholic stories, could be she would have encountered nuns with hatred as well as fear but not the excitement and happiness she found in them. It is important that everyone learns that what children learn from stories will determine their way of life in a major way (Resnicoff, 2014). As far as believers are concerned, this is a major part of the faith. Abraham explained the story of how one God created the universe. Through this the idea of the past was planted in the hearts as well s minds of people. This is what people believe in today. A single God it is. This is the reason that yesterday’s happenings have today’s bearing. If there were many gods, then people would be dealing with different gods at different times. This would mean that what happened yesterday with one God would mean nothing

Crisis Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Crisis Management - Research Paper Example The study discusses the crisis that had engulfed Apple Inc. owing to the departure of Steve Jobs. The study conferred on the response initiatives and strategies employed by Apple Inc while managing the organizational crisis. The study also discusses the public relation and crisis communication strategy adopted by the management of Apple while responding to the crisis. The study focuses on the development of the crisis management policies of Apple Inc. The study conclusively provided recommendations to improve the crisis management and crisis communication strategies of Apple Inc. Table of Contents 1 3 Overview 4 Crisis Management 4 Identification of Potential Crisis and the Crisis Management Plan 5 Cases of Organizational Crisis Management 6 Company Background 7 Crisis Management in Apple 8 Identification and Response of Crisis 8 Public Relation & Crisis Management Plan 9 Recommendations and Conclusion 10 Works Cited 11 Overview The management of a crisis in an organization entails d eterrence, planning, examination, assessment and maintenance to lessen the negative outcomes of the crisis. The procedure employed by an organization determines the consequences for those impacted by the crisis, counting customers and society, in addition to the employees and the organization as a whole (American Institute of Chemical Engineers, â€Å"Corporate Crisis Management†).   ... rporate Crisis Management†).   The study comprises of a comprehensive assessment of organizational crisis management, identification of potential crisis in an organization and the significance of the development of crisis management plans in order to tackle further crisis. This study focuses on the development of the crisis management policies of Apple Inc. The study accentuates on the crisis that had engulfed Apple Inc. due to the departure of Steve Jobs. The study discusses how fast Apple reacted to their latest crisis and how did the company intervene to lessen the damage. The study also discusses the public relation strategy implemented by Apple while responding to the crisis. The study finally offers recommendations for the crisis management and crisis communication policies of Apple Inc. Crisis Management Researchers have described an organizational crisis as a significant unexpected incidence (King, â€Å"Crisis Management & Team Effectiveness: A Closer Examinationâ⠂¬ ) with a possible negative result (Schrivastava, â€Å"Crisis Theory/Practice: Towards a Sustainable Future†) that challenges the endurance of the business organization (Fearn-Banks, K., â€Å"Crisis Communication: A Casebook Approach†; Fink, S., â€Å"Crisis Management: Planning for the Inevitable†) by effecting the domestic or external configuration (Pearson & Clair, â€Å"Crisis Theory/Practice: Towards a Sustainable Future†, Loosemore & Teo, â€Å"Crisis Preparedness of Construction Companies†), or by impacting the legality of the business. Several authors have attenuated that a crisis is not a daily occurrence, but an unforeseen and unanticipated, low possibility incidence that requires or necessitates quick and effective decisions (Platz & Madsen, â€Å"Crisis Management in IT Projects†; Pearson &

Motorola in china case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Motorola in china case study - Essay Example China, represented a very significant market for Motorola in terms of manufacturing and research. According to the company sources, Motorola was successful in the Chinese market due to its understanding of the market, the people and the strategies it adopted. In 1978, Motorola established its Beijing office, then in 1992 it developed a makeshift plant in Tianjin to manufacture paging devices. In 2003, the company was regarded as the most successful foreign company in China, courtesy of its adoption of a four-point strategy which as follows: In managing success in its new environment, Motorola developed a new 2+3+3 strategy, which it used to create and sustain its competitive advantage. The numbers in the strategy represented goals that the company had developed in the process of achieving its success. The strategy was developed, following the need to consolidate on its market returns that had been found to be as follows, In this new strategy, the first â€Å"2† represented two goals, which included creating a reliable R&D centre and a successful manufacturing company worldwide. The second â€Å"3† in the strategy included the company succeeding in three main areas, that is, trunking systems, broadband creation of semiconductors. The final â€Å"3† showed goals that the company was willing to achieve by 2006. These goals were, increasing the value of its particular yearly productions to about $10 billion, increasing its investments up to $10 billion as well as purchasing trading components of the same amount. One of the important market entry strategies that the company had was an effective understanding of the Chinese market (Edmonds, 2000). Motorola Company had to take time in order to study and understand the Chinese people, thereby devising market growth and development strategies that effectively articulated their needs. In any market, the ability to succeed and develop

Dramatic Climax Essay Example for Free

Dramatic Climax Essay How Does Miller Create Interest in Act Three, the Dramatic Climax Of The Crucible?  In Act Three of Arthur Millers The Crucible, tension rises in the courtroom of Salem as John Proctor, Giles and Francis strive to save the lives and respect of their wives. As the trials progress, the audience concentrate more on certain individuals and how they struggle to maintain power and authority in the courtroom. Miller called his play The Crucible because a crucible is a container in which metals are heated to extract the pure element from dross or impurities. In Act 3, John Proctor is tested in a life threatening ordeal and his choice of death rather than betrayal of his conscience shows us that he too has come through the fire to be purified. This creates interest because the comparison of Proctors situation and going through fire to be purified is powerful. Going through fire emphasises on the pain he must suffer. The audience sympathise for his pain and suffering and so they are interested in Act 3 to see the consequences of the dramatic climax. The main focus of Act 3 has to do with determining who will define innocence and guilt. Proctor makes one audacious gamble for this authority by finally overcoming his desire to protect his reputation, exposing an inner secret sin. He hopes to replace his wifes blame with his own guilt and bring Abigail down as well in the process. He reveals his private life to examination, hoping to gain some authority, but he does not realise that the competition is high, people may show more energy in the delivery and presentation of their speech. Too many reputations are at stake and Proctors surprise comes too late to stop the avalanche. This also creates interest as Proctor is the protagonist who the audience are encouraged to focus on and sympathise with. Proctor making this audacious gamble interests the audience, builds up to whatever the outcome may be, the dramatic climax. Desperation and persuasion are emotions involved within this act. There is a great deal of climax and suspense displayed using many different dramatic devices. Dramatic devices are made to engender interest in the audience. The dramatic devices present in this act seem to follow an order of operation, of starting with the least dramatic to the most dramatic. As more devices build up, more interest is likely to develop. The development of interest is then switched to the climax (turning point). The act starts with a common device such as character interaction. Character interaction in Act 3 set in a courtroom is a lot different to usual character interaction:  GILES (beginning to plead): They be tellin lies about my wife, sir, I-  DANFORTH Do you take it upon yourself to determine what this court shall believe and what it shall set aside?  GILES Your Excellency, we mean no disrespect for-  DANFORTH Disrespect indeed! It is disruption, Mister. This is the highest court of the supreme government of this province, do you know it? The fact that Giles is cut off by Danforth before even managing to finish his sentence, shows that more power is on Danforths side whilst Giles is beginning to plead for freedom. It also shows that the pace of speech may be very quick as everyone is determined to get their message across. The effect that this gives is that questions and quick speeches build up suspense for answers. Also, Danforth interrogating Giles shows his authority and possession of power over him. The interrogation can also be seen as a dramatic device, it creates interest with the audience waiting for answers to the questions. Another dramatic device is the use of vocal variety. When characters interact in a different way of speech, it shows there is a change of behaviour. It grabs the attention and suspense of the audience and makes them wonder to where this may lead to. An example:  GILES VOICE (roaring) I have evidence for the court!  As Giles is roaring, there is a great sense of energy in Giles voice, as if he were roaring like a lion. This contributes to the idea of getting the message across to the rest of the court members and the energy makes the audience feel more alert, just like a lion would. This makes the situation more interesting as roaring isnt usually how Giles would react, so the audience are interested to know where the roaring would lead to. In Act 3, based on the courtroom scene, body language, gestures and even facial expressions play a key role of grabbing the audiences interest. These factors reveal the characters personalities depending on what their actions are like. If a characters actions are more open and broad, it may suggest that they are more confident and powerful. However, if a characters actions are reserved and tightened, it may suggest that they are under-confident and weaker:  PARRIS (sweating): These people should be summoned. (DANFORTH looks up at him questioningly.) For questioning. As Parris is sweating, this shows that he is anxious about his decision of the people being summoned, but then gains back his confidence when Danforth looks up at him, so he answers back at Danforths questioningly look. This interests the audience as there is a change of behaviour within a character.  Characters are at their upmost desperation for innocence and reputation, the matter of what is at stake and how do characters react really indulges itself into the drama. Death is at stake and characters are becoming more and more desperate progressing through the scene. Since the storyline is based upon witch hunting in Salem, the girls who are shown to be witches act out in an eccentric manner. The hysteria of the girls is shown dramatic as it displays what separates the sane from the insane and really engages the interest of the audience. Being set in a courtroom would mean that character interaction is shown from all angles. There is power to be shifted from someone who is higher in authority, and has more arguments to clear themselves from any kind misjudgement to someone who is unable yet desperate to defend themselves.

Bottled water purchasing patterns of university students

Bottled water purchasing patterns of university students Safe and reliable drinking water is an issue in most of the countries, so companies have installed their plants to supply water in bottles to satisfy the consumers. But the reliability of all bottled water is always questioned. In Pakistan the purified water bottled industry is approximately 25 years old. It made its advent in Pakistan in 1980s. Abehayyat was the pioneer brand at that time. It is a common perception that most mineral bottled water appears to be safe and of better quality than water from other sources (Filtered, Boiled and Tap water), but the quality of some brands is spotty, however, and such products may pose a health risk. (Natural Resources Defense Council, 2008) There are rifts which seek to question the reliability and hygiene of Bottled water. Following are some brands of bottled water which are present in Karachi Market: 1. Aquafina 2. Aqua safe 3.Classic 4. Culligan 5. Kinley 6.Nestle Furthermore, primary research has determined which brands are available, famous and considered to be reliable in the minds of students. Research Problem This research explores the purchasing patterns of university students with regard to their attitude and buying behaviour of mineral bottled water. By attitude I mean the following: Is a particular gender more attracted to mineral bottled water? Is household income affecting the buying behaviour towards mineral bottled water? Do particular brands affect the buying behaviour of students? What is the students perception towards the reliability, and hygiene factors of mineral bottled water? Which type of media is more influential for consumers regarding mineral bottled water? What factors (brand image, company image, price, bottle shape and bottle size i.e. 0.5 liter, 1 liter, 1.5 liters, 2 liters, 5 liters, 10 liters, and others) influence students for using mineral bottled water? These are the major questions which need to be addressed. 1.3 Scope of the Study The study was conducted in only two universities of Karachi First is Karachi University; my focus was only on two departments Food Sciences and Chemistry. Second is Bahria in which our respondents would be students of Management Sciences i.e. BBA and MBA. Study Objectives The main objectives of the study are the following: To explore how demographic factors (income, gender etc) psychographic factors (interest, attitudes, opinions loyalty etc) affect buying of mineral bottled water. To describe the information about brands of mineral bottled water available in Karachi Market To find out which type of source of information (communication medium) is more influential for students towards mineral bottled water. Importance of Research This study has been helpful in evaluating consumers perception towards mineral bottled water in Karachi. What they perceive regarding each and every brand of mineral bottled water. This study has let us know about the top of mind brands of mineral bottled in Karachi market. It can help the companies to know that which segment be targeted and which marketing strategy of mineral bottled water be implemented. 1.6 Research Methodology This study is qualitative in nature. Qualitative method is suitable to ascertain the in-depth insights of students regarding mineral bottled water. It helps in exploring students perception and attitude towards the purchase of mineral bottled water in Karachi. Researchers used in-depth interviews with students based mainly on open ended questions. In depth discussion encourages a spontaneous and free flowing exchange of opinions and ideas among respondents. We have taken two extremes, one is Government owned Karachi University in which Food Sciences and Chemistry departments were interviewed because they deal in chemicals and reactions, so they must have clear knowledge about the composition of mineral bottled water. And second is privately owned Bahria in which BBA and MBA departments were interviewed with mainly upper upper middle class backgrounds. A reason of choosing these disciplines is to get a clear idea of behaviour and class because lots of students drink mineral bottled water as a symbol of status. Non probability, convenience sampling technique was used to conduct In-depth interviews. The questionnaire was finalized after consultation with the instructor, and was used after instructors approval 1.6.1 Sampling Data Collection In this study it includes a total sample of 200 students from two universities of Karachi i.e. KU BAHRIA. Breakup is given as follows: Karachi Institute/Departments Management Sciences Undergraduate BBA Graduate MBA 1.BAHRIA Male Female Male 25 25 25 Sub Total 50 50 Total 100 BBA and MBA students were chosen to assess the different perceptive of two different disciplines. Being business students they have an understanding and knowledge of marketing and brand concepts. Karachi Institute/Departments Food Sciences Chemistry 2.Karachi University Male Female Male 25 25 25 Sub Total 50 50 Total 100 BAHRIA and KU were chosen to get an equal representation of students in Karachi from every aspect i.e. socio-economic class and perception. Aforementioned departments have been chosen, their students possess sufficient knowledge beverages and chemical compositions. Data Collection: Secondary Data: This data was conducted through research Journals, previous Researchers conducted, business magazines and relevant websites Primary Data: Non probability convenient sampling technique was used to collect data through semi-structured questionnaires. Relevant samples (Top of mind brands of mineral bottled water revealed by students at a later stage) 1.7 Limitation of This Study This was a new area of research which had not yet been tapped in Pakistan, so it is very difficult to acquire information (especially from secondary data). This research was confined to only two universities of Karachi. Within those universities two departments were targeted for this research. This research concerns only the behaviour of students towards mineral bottled water because their consumer patterns may differ from outside market or other departments of universities or other universities of Karachi. Growing terrorist concerns resulted in the closure of Universities which led to delays. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Mineral Bottled Water: An Overview Mineral Bottled water by definition is pure water bottled for commercial purposes sold to consumers throughout different countries at different prices. It is now clear that mineral bottled water has become a commodity and various brand names have sprung up around the globe. According to Hall (2007) Water bottling is a huge business which is getting greater, by growing annually about ten percent over the past five years. There is no arguing how much mineral bottled water has become a part of our lives. Mineral bottled water is easily available everywhere in our colleges, universities, hospitals etc. Mineral bottled water has become a popular source of refreshment and revitalization internationally. Mineral bottled water has become a multibillion dollar industry with huge profit margins which has led to some big questions. Can we really put a price on something that is such a sustainable part of life and isnt putting a price on mineral bottled water denying some people the right to consumption of safe and reliable water resources? But even bigger questions are what is mineral bottled water exactly is it pure mineral water or is it just filtered tap water that has gone through a process of purification and put in plastic bottles along with a price tag that has a huge cost to profit margin for the manufacturers According to Eric Goldstein, co-director of the urban program at the Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), a non-profit organization devoted to protecting health and the environment. Evocative names and labels representing pastoral scenes have persuaded us that liquid is the purest drink around. But we should not think that mineral bottled water is better regulated, protected and safer than tap water. Some mineral bottled water does come from sparkling springs and pristine sources, but 25 percent or more of mineral bottled water comes from a municipal supply, which is treated, distilled and sold to us, at raised prices. Most people are amazed to find out that theyre drinking overvalued tap water, but bottlers do not need to mention the resource on the label. (Jemmott, 2008). 2.1.1 Origin of Bottled Water Columbia Water Centre says that since ancient times mineral bottled water has been around in some form or the other.  In the first century AD, during the times of the Roman Empire, people would travel to collect water in ceramic containers from the areas source water to their homes to enjoy it, and the rich had slaves and servants who did this for them. Water is and always has been a source of life sustainability and people have always considered mineral water as therapeutic so in some form or the other water has been used for commercial gain. According to the Columbia Water Centre bottled water did not become a business until the 1700s. Before the opening of spas where people used to come for the treatment of illnesses, modern medicine people started to consume mineral waters to help treat constipation, kidney stones and for common health.  The business of mineral bottled water began with the opening of spas. Initially, the spas would give out the water to their guests when they left to take with them.   Then in the early 1800s, the spas began to ship the water to people, by charging only the shipping costs and not for the real water. As this practice rose, the spas realized that they could earn profits by charging for the mineral water also. Vittel, Evian, Perrier and San Pellegrino, are the early suppliers of mineral bottled water who are still well known among others. But according to McCormack (2004) the real boost of bottled water market did not commence until 1968 when Vittel revolutionarily launched the first plastic bottled water aimed for general public consumption and within thirty years time it became a contemporary phenomenon. The plastic bottle made it easier to carry around water for consumption leading to its massive sales and growth as an industry. 2.1.2 Bottled Water Worldwide Scenario According to Jemmott (2008) Mineral Bottled water is in all places, restaurants, homes, stores, offices and aeroplanes and all across the country. In 2006, we consumed more than eight billion gallons of the matter, which was 10 percent more than 2005. Its stimulating, calorie-free, handy, and tastier than the other tap water, also better than sugary sodas. Because of this According to the (World Watch Institute, 2007) consumers feel that choosing bottled water is a convenient alternative to buying many other packaged beverages, which may include unessential sugars, caffeine, and other chemical additives. It would seem that buying and drinking water is a logical action. Water bottlers around the world use this consumer faith to promote their product as convenient, safe and clean etc. They use a variety of marketing tools to communicate their message to their target audience. The non-alcoholic beverage industry spends an average of $2 billion per year (as of 2005) on advertising, making these beverages one of the most heavily advertised commodities in the U.S. (Zheng and Kaiser, 2008) This is no ordinary amount it shows how aggressively the bottled water industry markets its image of purity and safety. 2.1.3 Global Bottled Water Market According to statistics presented by the Global Industry Guide, In 2006 the global market of mineral bottled water grew by 7% and reached to $60,938.1 million, whereas on 2011, the value reached to $86,421.2 million which was an increase of 21.8% from 2006 to 2011. In 2006 market grew by 8.1% and reached a volume of 115,393.5 million litres. The market forecast for 2011 is to have an increase of 51% from 2006 with a volume of 174,286.6 million litres. bottled-water world figures Source: New Internationalist, Plastic is Forever, 2008 The United States holds the highest consumption in terms of countries followed by Mexico and then by China. In terms of regional global bottled water sales Europe is clearly the leader as shown in the pie chart below. Figure 2.8: United Kingdom Bottled Water Market Segmentation II: % Share, by Value, 2005(e) Source: Datamonitor (2), (2005), Global Bottled Water, Industry Profile, p. 12. 2.1.4 Market share and Distribution According to Zhao (2006) Group Danone, which is one of the worlds largest food producers, holds the largest market share in the UK bottled water market by the end of 2004. The company had a 22% of the market consumed volume, followed by Nestle S.A., accounted for 13.4% of the market. The domestic player-Highland Spring, which is one of the UKs leading bottled water suppliers, had 10.3% market share. In 1992 one could find seven hundred brands of mineral bottled water in the United States, and today there are over a thousand brands of mineral bottled water there and the number keep on increasing. The top five companies in the United States are earning billions, and the US companies are controlling just about half of the worlds market for the bottled water. 6 Source: US Bottled Water Industry 2.2 Bottled Water Pakistan Scenario It is clear that bottled water is a global phenomena and the focus of much consumer attention internationally. The figures clearly show a growing consumer trust in bottled water. The question now is does Pakistan have a similar level of consumer trust which has lead to an increase in bottled water consumption. In an article by Syed Ali Muhammad (2005) In Asian Countries, demand for mineral bottled water has developed by leaps and bounds over the past seven years, the Trans-Caucasus, North Africa and Middle East. The bottled water market in Pakistan is observing nearly 40 percent of the annual growth. Advertisement campaigns for mineral bottled water seldom show it as a lucrative luxury item; however they give the impression that it is a part of common effort against shortage of water. According to Rosemann (2005) A yearly consumption of about 2 litres per person bottled water.128 Compared with Thailands 43 litres and Philippines 15 litres per capita consumption, this seems relatively low. But taking Pakistans population into account, one has to estimate an annual consumption of 318 million litres. While again, sufficient figures are not available to prove this 964 percent consumption increase in five years, one is able to conclude that Pakistan is a highly dynamic and lucrative market. The statistics and figures above clearly do mention that Pakistan itself is a very lucrative market. There is a growing concern that people here are putting their trust in bottled water. Consumers use pet water bottles on the go because of their mobility and they use larger bottles of water at their homes for daily drinking purposes. Daily Pakistani consumers are bombarded with a plethora of ads depicting bottled water as pure, hygienic and safe. This may be factual but it also displays a clear opinion that the consumers share that water from other sources namely tap water is not fit for consumption and for people who have a choice they are switching over to bottled water. But are consumers here putting their trust into bottled water a little too early. What are the systems that govern bottled water in Pakistan namely its quality and the availability of safe brands of bottled water in the Pakistani market? 2.2.1 Pakistan Bottled Water Market According to the Standards and Quality Control Authority Pakistan, out of the 200 companies selling mineral bottled water in Pakistan, only 27 companies keep up the set standards. (Syed Ali Muhammad, 2005) The Pakistani bottled water market has about 27 corporations officially selling their products. But during summers there is a high fluctuation and this number exceeds to above and beyond 200 companies that flood the market with products that were not there before. The Pakistan Standards and Quality Control Authority, under the Ministry of Science and Technology, is the national standardization body. It is their duty to ensure the safety and standards of products in Pakistan. From the viewpoint of quality control, PCRWR is observing a variation in the market of 50 percent, e.g. yearly about half of the brands vanish and are substituted by new brands. In 2005 PSQCA admitted that 200 companies are selling bottled water in Pakistan, but only 27 are registered as maintaining standards stipulated for the product. Nestle itself estimates approximately 150 water brands, with only 15 registered under the PSQCA scheme. (Rosemann, 2005) Rosemann (2005) further states that Nestlà © controls the majority of the market (over 50 percent) with its brands Pure Life, AVA and Fontalia, while Danones subsidy Sparkletts holds 12 percent and another local brand BSW has an estimated five percent market share. 2.3 Consumer Perception towards bottled water In terms of definition consumer perception talks about how a person or an organization views a certain commodity or service. How he or she understands and apprehends that certain commodity or service. In this case consumer perception talks about how a consumer looks at and rates bottled water. What are the factors that lead to consumers purchasing mineral bottled water? According to one study by MRUK research when asked to describe their reasons for using bottled water, respondents cited a range of different answers. In the May 2006 wave of research, over one-third (39%) of respondents reported that bottled water had a better taste, with a similar proportion (36%) who believed that bottled water was of better quality. This represents a significant increase over the September 2005 wave of research when only 14% of respondents cited better quality as a reason for using bottled water. (McKissock et al., 2007) Below is a table listing the reasons consumers use Bottled water: Table 1 Reasons for using Bottled Water April 04 Sept 04 Sept 05 May 06 Better taste 33 23 32 39 Convenience 32 29 31 12 Better quality 16 3 14 36 Safer / healthier for the children 2 5 4 3 Prefer flavoured water 5 7 8 10 Prefer sparkling water 3 5 3 2 Habit 1 16 8 11 Source: Mruk research limited (Consumer Perceptions and Experiences of Drinking Water Quality in Scotland: Secondary Research) In another research by the Consumer Attitude Survey on Water Quality Issues (1993), people do show signs of worrying about tap water safety even in countries where tap water is filtered and provided to people on a regular basis. Figure 2.2: Why people drink bottled water Source: Consumer Attitude Survey on Water Quality Issues (1993), American Water Works Association Research Foundation. p19. (Zhao, 2006) The success story of bottled water as discussed seems to come from a variety of factors. Namely Consumer Perception of higher quality, better taste, convenience etc. Because water is a source of life consumers see some water brands as revitalizing and even consider some water as healing. A notable example is Fuji Water, which was bottled in Viti Levu, Fijis main island, claiming has a very low pH level and contains the highest concentration of silica which helps tissue repair and reduce risk of heart disease, was becoming the No. 1 imported water in the U.S and also found it way to the UK supermarket chain, Waitrose (Rosa, 2004). But this isnt the only perspective that consumers share about bottled water there are many who do feel that bottled water is a drain on our resources, as it takes more water to produce the plastic bottle then it does to actually fill that said bottle. Source: MANATAKA: American Indian Councilhttp://www.manataka.org/images/tapwater.jpg As the picture illustrates there are different perspectives shared around the world. From how bottled water is manufactured to how it impacts our planet and the way we live. According to Jemmott (2008) Agree, some mineral bottled water does come from pristine sources and sparkling springs, but 25 percent or more of mineral bottled water comes from a municipal supply, which is treated, distilled and sold to us, at raised prices. Most people are amazed to find out that theyre drinking overvalued tap water, but bottlers do not need to mention the resource on the label. If more than 25 percent of bottled water comes from the tap instead of some pristine lake or some secret spring full of minerals that are pure then why do consumers feel it is the purest drink out there? This is the perception that has been built around consumers even in countries where tap water is provided filtered to each and every home as a basic human need. The success story then definitely remains to be positive consumer perceptions that outweigh the negative perceptions. It is these positive perceptions that are promoted my billion dollar advertising and promotion campaigns. This positive perception building has led to bottle water becoming big business with even bigger profit margins. Theoretical Framework There are many perspectives to Bottled water around the world from general consumer preferences to University students consumption preferences. Universities around the world in developed countries like U.S., U.K. and Canada have both positive and negative perceptions about bottled water. Students in these universities have various arguments and counter arguments regarding bottled water preferences. Universities students who hold positive perceptions see bottled water as a healthy diet and lifestyle choice, for them bottled water is part of life and walking around campus one can clearly see people holding water bottles. They drink because of positive perceptions regarding taste, quality and convenience (Battle of Water bottle, 2000; Devasenathipathi et al, 2008; Jemmott, 2008; Pip, 2000; Rosa, 2004; World Watch Institute, 2007; Zhao, 2006). They said that every story has two sides to it and because in the developed world tap water is filtered there is a long debate over Bottled Water versus Tap Water. Some students also see bottled water as a waste of precious water resources, a source of plastic poisoning and a drain on the environment. They question its purity and whether it is safe to drink or not. (Bottled Water vs. Tap Water, 2008; 2000, No Bottled Water at University, 2009; Rosemann, 2005; The Battle of Bottle). Both these positive and negative perceptions determine the sales of bottled water domestically and abroad. As discussed above there are different perspectives to Bottled water around the world from general consumer preferences to University students consumption preferences. Therefore, it was our endeavor to find out Students perceptions about Bottled Water in Karachi. What effects their purchase decisions and how and why they choose to or not to drink Bottled water. Data Analysis Findings Monthly Household Income of the respondents of both universities; BAHRIA and Karachi University Aforementioned figures shows that who used bottled water, majority of the BAHIRIAs students have had their monthly income more than Rs.60,000, whereas 28 students household income was Rs.40,000 to Rs.60,000. In addition to that only 2 students those household incomes was under Rs.20,000. While majority students of KU have had their household income in between of Rs20,000 to Rs.40,000. However, only 10 students those household incomes were over Rs. 60,000. 3.2 Residential Area of Students of BAHRI and KU Out of the 18 towns of Karachi, Our research incorporated respondents from 11 towns of Karachi. Figure 3.2(a) explained that the most of the inhabitants of Gulshan town were consuming mineral water than any other type of water. Whereas figure 3.2(b) shows that the most of the inhabitants of Gulshan town were consuming mineral water than any other type of water. 3.3 Type of water were being used by students for daily drinking purpose Above figure 3.3(a) shows that there were huge differences in the responses of the students of university BAHRIA and KU. In figure 3.3(a) shows that in BAHRIA, among 100 interviewed students 57% were the daily users of mineral water, whereas 21% were the users of filtered water, 15% were boiled tap water and only handful amount of students 7% were the users of tap water. On the contrary, figure 3.3(b) shows that among the 100 students of KU, majority 54% were the users of boiled tap water. However, 20% were the users of tap water, 18% were the users of Mineral Water and only small chunk were the users of filtered water. Thus, it is extensively noticeable that the majority of the students of BAHRIA were the users of mineral water comparative to KU. 3.4 Reasons behind drinking particular type of water As per above figure 3.4(a), among the 100 students of BAHRIA, 44% thought that the reliability plays vital role while using particular type of water and 35% were in view of easy access and 21% students preferred to cite their own factors namely hygiene and price. In figure 3.4(b), however, 54% from 100 students of KU believed that easy access is important factor for them rather than reliability. Hence only 46% students marked their answers for reliability. Therefore, there is visible difference between the views of BAHRIAs students and KUs students. For BAHRIANS reliability was the main reason for using particular type of water but for KU students easy access was the foremost reason. 3.5 Top of Mind brands of Bottled water Figure 3.5(a) shows that from 100 students of BAHRIA; Nestle mineral water was the top of mind. Addition to that 80% students recalled Nestle water when they were asked the name of first brand came to their mind. Moreover, only 13% students were recalled Aquafina as their top of mind brand and only 7% students had top of mind awareness of Culligan. In other mentioned brands 42% students recalled Aquafina and 17% for Nestle and 16% Culligan. In figure 3.5(b) 68% students of KU had an awareness of Nestle as their top of mind brand and 27% students recalled Aquafina as their top of mind of brand. In other mentioned brands 33% students marked Aquafina in other mentioned brands, 18% 17% students marked Nestle and Culligan respectively. Hence, it is widely visible that the BAHRIANS has more top of mind awareness of Nestle comparative to KU students. As far as other mentioned brands are concerned Aquafina was being marked after than Nestle by both universities students. 3.6 Frequency of using bottled water among students In figure 3.6(a) out of 100 students of BAHRIA 14% students who were consuming bottled water several times in a day. Moreover, 32% students consumed bottled water at least once in a day, 36% were consuming more than once in a week and 16% students who were consuming bottled water once a week. There were small chunk of students who consumed bottled water less than once a week. However, figure 3.6(b) shows that in KU out of 100 students only 6% of students were consuming bottled water several times in a day. 22% students were consuming at least once daily, 17% students consumed bottled water more than once in a week, and 10% students consuming once a week, 12% students were consuming less than once a week and 33% students were consuming bottled water once a month or less. Therefore, the students of BAHRIA consumed more bottled water than KU students. Similarly, the frequency of consumption of bottled water of BAHRIANS was far more ahead than KU students. Though the respondents of KU belonged to Food and Sciences department yet their frequency of consumption is less than BAHRIANS. However, in KU 33% students marked their answers of consuming water in a month or less, on the contrary there wasnt a single respondent in BAHRIA, whose consumption of bottled water was as lowest as KU students. Aforementioned figures show that the students of BAHRIA were more attracted towards bottled water than KU students. As far as gender was concerned Females were more inclined towards using of bottled water than male; in both universities. 3.7 Size of bottles preferred by students In figure 3.7(a) majority of the students of BAHRIA purchased bottled water from university Cafe and the size of the bottle was 0.5 litre because on the other hand students were in view that the they purchased 1.5 liter or larger than this quantity rather preferred to purchase from shop. As far as figure 3.7(b) is concerned that the students of KU whosoever consumed bottled water they had preferred to purchase from university cafe of 0.5 liter and preferred larger quantity of bottled water from nearby shop of their respective homes. Thus, there is not visible difference because 0.5liter was sufficient for them to consume at university as compared to other sizes of bottled water in both of the universities. 3.8 The most important factors towards buying of bottled water Figure 3.8(a) shows that in BAHRIA 61% students thought of availability was the most important factor for purchasing bottled water, 16% students were in view of Price is the most important for purchasing bottled water, 12% students for promotion and only 9% students thought that they were attracted by the packaging of bottled water. On the contrary, figure 3.8(b) in KU 44% students were in view that availability was the most important factor for purchasing bottled water, 35% students were price conscious, 12% and 9% students were being attracted by promotion and Packaging respectively. Therefore, Price for BAHRIANS is least issue than KU students because only 16% students from 100 students in BAHRIA were considering price, whereas 35% students of KU had the influencing factor of price. Reasons behind influencing factors towards the purchase of bottled water Majority of respondents believed that availability is the major factor for influencing the purchase of bottled water. Moreover, respondents believed that out of mind, is out of sight so being on the shelves of shop would have much influence on the purc

The Causes of Racial Tension :: Racism

Today, there is racial tension all around the world. Racial tension means the feeling that exists when people do not trust and be aggressive to each other. In Malaysia, racial tension has deepened recently. The Indian government has released an advisory for its foreign students that studying in Australia which showed that racial tension appeared around the White and Indian (â€Å"MEA issues travel advisory to Indian students in Aus†, 2010). Racial tension between the Han and Uighur communities in Xinjiang, China was enhanced in July 2009. There are several factors that causes racial tension to happen such as religion topic, government policy, prejudice and discrimination. Next, racial tension is also easily caused by prejudice and discrimination. According to Jon (1997), â€Å"prejudice is a general characteristic of human relationships† (p. 232). Jon (19970 found â€Å"prejudice is usually considered the cause of discrimination†. Prejudice is easily being found in someone to the others; especially they are from different races. They may treat the other races irrespectively and violently. First, people will not take it seriously. However, when the cases happen frequently and massively, people won’t take them as specials cases. The races that besieged will tend to feel anxious and strike back in order to protect themselves. Therefore, it tends to create racial tension. For examples, incidents of violence against Indians in Australia were happened frequently in last few months. Later on, an Indian student was killed. These have damaged the relationship between the Indians and Australians and created racial tension. Besides, African- Americans were still discriminated seriously by the Americans even after American Civil War. They had perspective that the African-Americans were slaves like they used to be. They received unequal treatment until the success of African-American Civil Rights Movement. The racial tension was existed during the period. The government policy causes the racial tension as well. The governments launch policies that encourage the development of countries. But if some policies tend to benefit certain races, whether they are majority or minority, will cause the dissatisfaction of other races. In their perspective, all races should be treated equally regardless the number of members. Therefore, they may protest to show their dissatisfaction. If their protest were overwhelmed and the government led by the majority, the racial tension is ensured happen. Racial tension between the Han and Uighur communities in Xinjiang, China is an example. Uighur was the minority in China but the large community in Xinjiang.

The Life Of Charles Dickens :: essays research papers fc

The Life of Charles Dickens   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charles Dickens was a nineteenth-century novelist who was and still is very popular. He was born in Landport, a region of Portsmouth, on February 7, 1812 (Kyle 1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charles Dickens was the son of John Dickens and Elizabeth Barrow. John Dickens was a minor government official who worked in the Navy Pay Office. Through his work there, he met Elizabeth and eventually married her. By 1821, when Charles was four months old, John Dickens could no longer afford the rent on his house. John Dickens loved to entertain his friends with drinks and conversation. Throughout his life, he was very short of money and in debt. He often had to borrow money to pay off the debt and borrow more money to pay off the people he borrowed the money from. Later on, John Dickens was transferred again to work in the naval dockyard at Chatman. It was here that Charles Dickens' earliest and clearest memories were formed (Mankowitz 9-14).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charles' education included being taught at home by his mother, attending a Dame School at Chatman for a short time, and Wellington Academy in London. He was further educated by reading widely in the British Museum (Huffam).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In late 1822, John was needed back at the London office, so they had to move to London. This gave Charles opportunities to walk around the town with his father and take in the sights, sounds, and smells of the area. This gave him early inspiration that he would use later on in his life when he started to write (Mankowitz 13-14).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  James Lamert, the owner of a boot-blacking factory, saw the conditions that the Dickens family was going through. He offered Charles a job there and he was paid six shillings a week which was reasonable at that time. Soon, he was moved downstairs in the sweatshop-like room. Charles had been working at the factory for less than two weeks when his father was arrested for debt. He was sent to debtors prison where he did work to pay off his debt. John paid for Charles' lodging, but Charles had to pay for his food and everything else with the six shillings he earned every week. The details of London and of prison life were imprinting themselves into Dickens' memory and would one day help him in the novels he wrote. After John was in prison for three months, his mother died leaving him enough money to get out of debtors prison (Mankowitz 20-22).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Late in Charles' teens, he became a court reporter. This introduced him to journalism, and he also became interested in politics.

Authorial Comments in Ike Oguine A Squatters Tale :: Squatters Tale Essays

Authorial Comments in A Squatter’s Tale According to Charles Bohner and Dean Dougherty authorial comment is: An explanatory remark obviously put into the narration by the author. Authorial commentary tells us what to think instead of showing us. (1212) Authorial comment, as clearly defined above, is an artistic device used by authors to paint a vivid picture of a point they are trying to make. This gives the reader of a text the opportunity to deduce the point. Comments made in literary works such as fictional novels usually guide the reader into thinking in a certain way, which depending on the level of understanding of the reader can have various analyses. But in order for authors to prevent their being misunderstood by their readers, the use of authorial comment is added in their works. It is interesting to see how Ike Oguine uses authorial comments in A Squatter’s Tale to drive points home. His placement of the the comments and the depth of those comments add a lot of creativity to this literal work of art. Although he uses other artistic devices such as sarcastic humor and symbolism, the qualities of these devices are enhanced by authorial comments as exemplified by the following analyses. In the beginning, Obi has just arrived in the United States in pursuit of the American dream. Upon arrival at the airport though, Obi realizes that â€Å" America turns your world upside down† (Oguine 15). In fact, this is true to the majority of characters in the text, as well as, real immigrants who enter the country. The truth in this statement is usually realized once an individual arrives in the country. Most people have hopes of coming and making enough money to go back to their homeland and establish themselves, but once the disappointment of having no one to rely on and reality of coping with the standard of living in the country hit them, they lose hope of going back home in the next couple of years. Some give up their dreams totally and try to live out in their children. The author realistically portrays this in his text with Obi. At first, Obi is a big shot in Nigeria, but once he arrives into this country, his life is clearly turned upside down starting with Hook, his friend, not picking him up at the airport.

Retention Rate of First Generation College Students

A first coevals college pupil is a pupil for whom both parents or defenders have a high school instruction or less and have ne'er begun a postsecondary grade ( Inkelas, Daver, Vogt, & A ; Leonard, 2007 ) . These pupils are at a disadvantage of obtaining at least a unmarried man ‘s grade because they are a bad population for dropping out of college. At four-year establishments, first-generation college pupils have a 23 % opportunity of dropping out of school before their 2nd twelvemonth compared to 10 % of pupils whose parents held a unmarried man ‘s grade ( Tym, McMillion, Barone, & A ; Webster, 2004 ) . Controling for factors associated with non returning, such as delayed registration after high school, working full-time, low fiscal assistance, gender, race, and ethnicity, first-generation position was still a important index of a pupil go forthing before their 2nd twelvemonth ( Choy, 2001 ) . This is a societal and economical job because a huge bulk of occupations today require some kind of postsecondary instruction, whether it be a unmarried man ‘s grade or higher. Several factors are thought to act upon keeping rates in college. Troubles in cultural, psychosocial, and cognitive transitioning are the major factors ( Hertel, 2002 ; Pascarella, Pierson, Wolniak, & A ; Terenzini, 2004 ; Pike & A ; Kuh, 2005 ; Terenzini, Springer, Yaeger, Pascarella, & A ; Nora, 1996 ) . This paper discusses the function of educational intercessions in the keeping of first-generation college pupils and the best clip to implement these plans. The advantage of implementing intercessions early is thought to be the betterment of keeping rates of first-generation college pupils.Transitioning TroublesTraditional pupils are at a higher rate of achieving a grade compared to their first-generation pupil equals. Research workers questioned why this may be and sought to happen indispensable factors that play a function in the deficiency of success in first-generation college pupils. A general premise is that parental instruction is a major influence on a pupil ‘s pick t o go to college and the pupil ‘s finding to make good. The hazard of going college within the first twelvemonth, irrespective of the ground, was cited to be 71 % higher for first-generation college pupils than pupils with college-educated parents ( Ishitani, 2003 ) . Although this determination supports a higher per centum of bead outs than those of Choy ( 2001 ) and Tym et Al. ( 2004 ) , the consequences from all three surveies are comparable ; they investigated how first-generation college pupils are at least twice every bit likely to drop out of school as their traditional pupil equals. Martinez, Sher, Krull, and Wood ( 2009 ) assessed the features and experiences of pupils that are most prognostic of abrasion, or non-enrollment. They examined how different factors interact with being a first coevals pupil. This survey, with 28.7 % of the participants being first-generation pupils, hypothesized that abrasion factors both moderate and intercede the consequence of parental instruction on a pupil ‘s abrasion from college. A moderator influences the strength of the relationship between first-generation pupils and their hazard of abrasion. In this survey, GPA was found to be the lone moderator or circumstance among all the factors that made a difference ( Martinez et al. , 2009 ) . Bing a first-generation college pupil is a bigger hazard if GPA is hapless. Mediators explain how the relationship between first-generation college pupil position and hazard of abrasion occurs. ACT scores, support, and GPA each acted as go-betweens ; each of these factors was related to parental instruction every bit good as abrasion ( Martinez et al. , 2009 ) . Since go-betweens are the most influential in explicating why low parental instruction leads to a greater hazard of abrasion for first coevals pupils, this survey preludes how parental instruction can impact a first-generation college pupil ‘s passage to college culturally, psychosocially, and cognitively. Making the passage from high school to college can be hard for anyone. It is particularly hard for those pupils who are both first-generation and place as a minority race or ethnicity. Passage can be hard due to a separation from close household and friends ( Garcia, 2010 ) . These pupils may besides happen problem appreciating what the college has to offer because they typically come from households with low income and work at least parttime to pay for their instruction. Martinez et Al. ( 2009 ) found that first-generation college pupils had more scholarships and loans, but a deficiency of support from nest eggs and familial parts. It is of import to observe here that their findings contrast what was antecedently found about parental instruction being an index of abrasion. Lack of scholarship was found to be a more precise index of abrasion than lower parental instruction ( Martinez et al. , 2009 ) . One manner to extinguish the arrangement of a fiscal position label upon a pupil is through successful cultural transitioning. First-generation females and minorities populating on campus tended to be more engaged in the establishment ( Pike & A ; Kuh, 2005 ) . This determination can be slightly deceptive since most first-generation pupils tend to populate off-campus and at place. A 2nd constituent of the cultural passage is the discrepancies in an apprehension of the basic cognition of postsecondary instruction. A clear line is drawn that establishes how first-generation college pupils view college as opposed to second-generation and other traditional pupils. First-generation college pupils saw the school ‘s environment as scholarly and less as an chance for occupational readying ( Terenzini et al. , 1996 ) . These pupils see their parents as life socioeconomically stable lives without a college grade and think that they can be merely like them. Hertel ( 2002 ) points out that for traditional college pupils, parents who went to college base on balls on cognition about the college civilization. This cognition has seemed to diminish abrasion rates in college. On the other manus, some first-generation college pupils have reported that they felt like two different people- 1 at place and one at college ( Bryan & A ; Simmons, 2009 ) . These pupils are divided between household and friends back place who are minimally educated and equals who portion in the wealth of cognition gained through college. The 2nd factor explicating why first-generation college pupils typically do non prevail in postsecondary instruction is trouble in a psychosocial passage. First-generation college pupils populating off campus and working happen it hard to acquire involved in extracurricular activities and meeting with other pupils and module ( Pascarella et al. , 2004 ) . These consequences support what was found in earlier research. Second-generation college pupils were cited to hold had higher societal accommodations due to back up, more cognition about college, and had a greater focal point on college activities ( Hertel, 2002 ) . These pupils typically live on campus and are concentrating on their academe, instead than working. Populating on campus allows traditional pupils to run into with module more readily. This can transfuse ideas of handiness and support from the module. Unfortunately for first-generation college pupils, they do non see module as being concerned for pupil development and instruction ( Terenzini et al. , 1996 ) . This is troublesome because pupils who feel welcomed and can interact freely with their professors are the 1s who hold a higher involvement in the establishment and their academic success. First-generation college pupils are at a disadvantage in transitioning psychosocially and face the hazard of institutional abrasion. Cognitive transitioning for first-generation college pupils is the 3rd factor in finding the attainment of a college grade. A successful cognitive passage requires academic readying and college aspirations ( Martinez et al. , 2009 ) . Pascarella et Al. ( 2004 ) found that a first-generation college pupil ‘s academic readying could be assessed by ACT tonss, a standardised step of reading and critical thought. Martinez et Al. ( 2009 ) found that first-generation college pupils had lower ACT tonss compared to their traditional-student equals. This is merely one manner of demoing how first-generation college pupils are less prepared academically for college. First-generation pupils seem to hold a more hard clip being academically successful and have less motive to prevail in gaining a grade. Degree programs and future aspirations of first-generation college pupils varied greatly from second-generation and traditional college pupils. First-generation pupils would prefer to take easier classs instead than 1s that may suggest a challenge. Compared to their traditional equals, first-generation college pupils were more likely to take pre-professional classs and less of the humanistic disciplines and societal scientific disciplines ( Terenzini et al. , 1996 ) . Pike and Kuh ( 2005 ) farther observed this phenomenon that pupils ‘ educational aspirations improved with positive perceptual experiences of the college environment. Both perceptual experiences of the college and the environment and integrating were straight related to additions in acquisition and rational development ( Pike & A ; Kuh, 2005 ) . Pascarella et Al. ( 2004 ) noted th at first-generation college pupils made smaller additions in the highest grade they planned to obtain. This may be due to the fact that second-generation pupils may be more cognizant of the function advanced grades play in the labor-market. All of these surveies examined how of import a successful cognitive and academic passage can be for the success and possible keeping of first-generation college pupils.Educational InterventionsFirst-generation college pupils can increase their opportunities of keeping and having a grade if they are exposed to academic resources provided by the college. The intent of these resources is to assist better fix first-generation college pupils for college preparedness. College preparedness involves understanding pupil features and accomplishments within the context of college ( Byrd & A ; MacDonald, 2005 ) . Resources can include anything from run intoing with college staff, specially designed institutional plans, or a gathering topographic point for pu pils. Effective intercessions are important for the first-generation college pupil ‘s mentality. Once they are enrolled in college, they carry non merely their ain single hopes, but the aspirations of their households and communities ( Jehangir, 2010 ) . Admission into college is a milepost for first-generation pupils. Therefore, it is of import to do certain that the type of intercession utilized would be able to supply first-generation college pupils with the tools they need to graduate. The most effectual intercessions should concentrate on the pupils ‘ strengths and bing accomplishments ( Martinez et al. , 2009 ) . The first intercession theoretical account that has been shown to be effectual is the Social Cognitive Career Theory. This theoretical account was introduced after the designation of five ways that first-generation college pupils differ from their peers- deficiency of parental experience with college applications, academic and personal readying for college, grounds for traveling to college, and personality and life differences. Social Cognitive Career Theory examines the patterned advance of academic involvements in pupils and how to take the following measure and do those involvements a calling option through self-efficacy and end scene. The effectivity of this theoretical account came from the fact that it focuses on socio-cognitive concepts to explicate calling development ( Gibbons & A ; Shoffner, 2004 ) . High school counsellors would be able to utilize this technique to assist possible first-generation college pupils prior to come ining college. This resource is able to supply cognition about college to possible first-generation college pupils that they can non happen elsewhere. The following educational intercession includes living-learning communities. These communities are residential communities where pupils live together in a specific abode hall with a shared academic or thematic focal point and hold entree to academic scheduling and services ( Inkelas & A ; Weisman, 2003 ; Inkelas et al. , 2007 ; Stassen, 2003 ) . The intent of living-learning communities is to ease the academic and societal passage to college for first-generation college pupils. This theoretical account seems to be the most popular and successful among all the intercessions. Surveies have shown that first-generation college pupils who participate in living-learning communities are more likely to comprehend an easier academic and societal passage to college than those in traditional abode halls ( Inkelas & A ; Weisman, 2003 ; Inkelas et al. , 2007 ; Stassen, 2003 ) . The ground for this is that these pupils are traveling through the same experiences of larning to populate on their ain and take more duty upon themselves. The success of this intercession is found in the construct of holding first-generation college pupils live within one country of the abode halls, have entree to multiple resources, and take part in activities that require teamwork and societal interactions. Stassen ( 2003 ) observed the results of living-learning communities when he studied 477 pupils in a living-learning community and 328 pupils non in a living-learning community at a big northeasterly university. Significant differences were found between the two groups in countries of academic integrating ; nevertheless, module integrating did non better ( Stassen, 2003 ) . This can be accounted for through the existent plan construct. Its design focuses on originating equal interactions, non linking module and pupils. The popularity of living-learning plans has led to the development of different types of living-learning communities. These forte plans range from communities for awards pupils to talent promotion to curriculum-based theoretical accounts ( Inkelas & A ; Weisman, 2003 ; Stassen, 2003 ) . However, no affair which living-learning community a first-generation college pupil chooses, there has been a important positive consequence on first-semester GPA and annual keeping ( Stassen, 2003 ) . Therefore, interested pupils should make up one's mind for themselves which community seems the most fitting. It should be noted that the bulk of these consequences were observed after the first semester by cross-sectional surveies. One peculiar survey examined the effectivity of a Freshman Empowerment Program. After detecting 53 pupils placed in this plan and 53 pupils placed in a control group at the same university, Folger, Carter, and Chase ( 2004 ) found that the GPA of first-generation college pupils increased from first-semester to the second-semester and that each semester ‘s GPA every bit good as their cumulative GPA was higher than those pupils non in the plan. Inkelas et Al. ( 2007 ) point out that the impact of living-learning plans may non be well-understood until after pupils have had clip to reflect on their living-learning experiences. It would be interesting to see if first-generation college pupils ‘ keeping rate continued to be as they progressed through all four old ages of college. An effectual living-learning plan would transfuse a positive attitude on the pupils and give them the resources they need to win. A 3rd educational intercession involves an thought that gets to the bosom of the problem- low continuity among first-generation college pupils. Many research workers have approached this job in many ways ensuing in multiple solutions. Cabrera, Nora, and Castaneda ( 1993 ) wanted to cognize if unifying Tinto ‘s Student Integration Theory and Bean ‘s Student Attrition Model would break explicate first-generation college pupils ‘ continuity. The Student Integration Theory attributed abrasion to a deficiency of congruency between pupils and establishments, whereas the Student Attrition Model recognized that behavioural purposes are shaped by a procedure whereby beliefs form attitudes, and attitudes influence behavioural purposes ( Cabrera et al. , 1993 ) . The solution so becomes to hold establishments integrate encouragement and support from important others into the conceptual models analyzing pupil continuity. The foundation for research workers to analyze the function household has in the continuity of first-generation college pupils was established when Cabrera et Al. ( 1993 ) noted a positive consequence of encouragement from friends and household found on committednesss to the establishment. A smattering of ulterior surveies have systematically shown that parents, household members, and friends in the pupils ‘ old communities can supply encouragement and reenforce the pupils ‘ determination to go to and prevail throughout college ( Bryan & A ; Simmons, 2009 ; Elkins, Braxton, & A ; James, 2000 ; McCarron & A ; Inkelas, 2006 ) . McCarron and Inkelas ( 2006 ) used 3,758 pupils, half of which were first-generation college pupils, to propose that the chief forecaster of attainment for first-generation college pupils was non parental engagement ; instead, it was pupils ‘ perceptual experiences of the importance of good classs. Family members tend to act upon striplings â⠂¬Ëœ decision-making sing educational and occupational chases. This may be the ground why first-generation college pupils feel an overmastering sense of force per unit area to win in school in order to delight their households and communities ( Bryan & A ; Simmons, 2009 ) . Some of these consequences can be deceptive, nevertheless. The development of an intercession theoretical account that provides programming for first-generation college pupils and their parents may assist better keeping and graduation rates. The last intercession theoretical account examines what can be done within the college establishment itself. Braxton and McClendon ( 2001 ) believed that the duty for pupil keeping is campus-wide. Everyone from equals to faculty to disposal play a function in the keeping of first-generation college pupils. They have come up with an array of recommendations shown to positively act upon societal integrating and keeping. The first suggests that academic advisers urge their pupils to take classs from module members who receive high mark evaluations on organisation, readying, accomplishment, and lucidity. Organization and skill positively influence societal integrating and continuity. Second, administrative policies and processs should be made clear and enforced reasonably to pupils to guarantee continuity. Third, the enrollment direction should fix recruitment activities accurately portraying the establishment. This is of import because a pupil ‘s determination to go to a peculiar college falls to a great extent on their outlooks for what college life will be like. The following recommendation involves the module. Workshops and seminars should be attended by module so that they can larn how to integrate concerted and collaborative acquisition into their schoolrooms. Last, pupil orientation plans for freshman pupils provide pupils with the chance to larn everything about the school. Successful orientation plans develop chances for first-generation pupils to socially interact with their equals ( Braxton & A ; McClendon, 2001 ) . Implementing any, if non all, of these recommendations would ensue in more well-balanced pupils and a higher keeping rate due to the fact that these pupils will desire to go on larning in an establishment that is both welcoming and helpful. A major restriction of all these intercession surveies is the research workers ‘ short-run observation. For more accurate findings on the effectivity of different intercessions, research workers should be working on detecting these first-generation college pupils in their senior twelvemonth and a few old ages after graduation. This would basically corroborate the success of these intercessions. Merely holding these different educational intercessions readily available will non assist first-generation college pupils. The following measure is seeking to calculate out the best clip to implement them. Aside from the Social Cognitive Career Theory, which is designed for college-bound high-school pupils, few research workers explored the timing of intercession for pupils at hazard of going. A proposed manner of look intoing pupil abrasion is utilizing event patterning techniques when pupils are more likely to go forth their establishments ( Ishitani, 2008 ) . Departure hazards of pupils vary over clip, and pupils are at a higher hazard of going at assorted points in clip depending on their features. Knowing when pupils are more likely to go forth helps institutional forces in planing systematic intercession programs to take down the institutional abrasion rate.DrumheadFirst-generation college pupils have many factors working against them, but they can be merely every bit successf ul as their traditional equals, so long as they have entree to different educational intercessions. First-generation college pupils have to set to cultural, psychosocial, and cognitive passages. A few of the many jobs these pupils encounter include: holding a parttime occupation, separation from friends and household, discrepancies in an apprehension of the basic cognition of postsecondary instruction, hapless academic readying, and hapless interactions with equals and module. Most of first-generation college pupils ‘ clip is consumed by either going to and from school or working. Those first-generation college pupils who are fortunate plenty to populate on campus face a different quandary. Their life style at place is really different than college civilization and they feel a demand to be two different people, one at place and one at school. It seems that the underlying problem stems from being unprepared for postsecondary instruction. Fortunately, first-generation college pu pils can raise their self-esteem and be better equipped for college if they utilize any and all resources available to them through the establishment. Programs such as Social Cognitive Career Theory, living-learning communities, Freshman Empowerment Groups, and alterations within the college establishment itself will let for better societal interactions with equals and peace of head cognizing that they made the right determination and are motivated to larn, alumnus, and have a successful calling.DecisionThe handiness of many educational intercessions leaves research workers to inquire which theoretical account would be most effectual. Living-learning communities are flexible, giving each postsecondary establishment an chance to suit their different pupil populations. Living-learning communities can be designed with any peculiar group in head. Besides, this plan is really popular and used throughout many of the state ‘s colleges and universities. First-generation college pupils do non necessitate to experience like they are being singled out in these plans as opposed to run intoing separately with a counsellor or adviser. Alternatively, they are with other pupils who are sing the same troubles as they are. Last, these plans have been found to be successful in infinite surveies, a few of which were mentioned throughout this paper. The way of research now should be a comparative survey concentrating on the effectivity of living-learning communities with regard to other intercessions.