Monologue and Attitude Revealed through Browning’s ‘My Last Duchess’ Essay Example for Free

Monologue and Attitude Revealed through toastings My Last Duchess EssayThe 16th century numbers My Last Duchess by Robert Browning is a monologue of a Duke exhibit an audience the painting of his late wife. Browning, in this poem, as in many of his poems, uses monologue to reflect on the concepts and notions of his time. This grouchy monologue reflects on the perception of women in the 16th century, and in particular, aristocratic women.In this particular monologue, like many of Brownings monologues, we get not simply a feeling for the Dukes character, but also a feeling about the expectations of a particular class and a particular sexual practicebasically, a women must be obedient to her husband, and any independence is frowned upon. Browning typically used monologue in many of his poems to use this affectbasically, he creates a character to reflect on his own feelings of society, but by using the character, he is able to somewhat mask, or hide behind, that characters obser vations. In this monologue, we see the Duke as a particularly jealous man. His suspicion would be easily aroused every time his wife thanked some iodine, especially if it was another(prenominal) man, for a small favor done to her.The Duke thinks that his gift of a nine-hundred-years-old-name (line 33) was the most valuable gift his wife received from her and thus, she should have not just disposed away her smile and blush for anyone but him. He saw this attitude as a kind of stooping down on her part and in turn, an insult on him and his position in society. The monologue thus reveals a lot about the main character that is speaking, and in this poem, it is the DukeThe style and structure of this poem play a significant social occasion in theeffect of the poem. As is typical of Brownings poems, My LastDuchess is written as a dramatic monologue one speaker relates theentire poem as if to another person present with him. This format suitsthis poem particularly well because the speake r, taken to be the Duke ofFerrara, comes crosswise as being very controlling, especially inconversation (My Last Duchess Analysis).When he got tired of these exchanges of smiles between his wife and other people, he gave commands/ Then all smiles stop together (Browning, lines 45-46). This ambiguous statement gives the reader a clue as to how the Duchess became an ex-wife. It is not specific, however, so that one can solely guess as to what happened by chance he had her killed or sent her away where she died.From these absurd, oftentimes ridiculous, and obviously arrogant words, the reader can conclude that the Duke was a controlling husband. Lines 50 onwards furcate the reader that the Duke is looking for a new wife and the person whom he is showing the painting to, is the assistant or messenger of a Count whose daughter the Duke is eyeing as a prospective wife. The talk he would have later with the Count would be about the arrangement of his next marriage (My Last Duchess Discus sion). The Duke represents the traditionalistic male and his attitude towards his late wife mirrors the attitude and expectations of a patriarchal and Victorian society towards women in his monologue. The society of that time expected women to simply obey. She should only reserve her charms for her husband. She must not even try to be beautiful in her own painting. The mere act of being happy, pleasant to anyone regardless of club and stature in life, and to love the simple pleasures in life as watching the sunset or riding a mule in the elusion of the Duchess, were all considered acts of unfaithfulness.In short, it was a sin to be naturally beautiful and to have a happy disposition. Men liked to control their wives. Being the only one who could open the curtain to reveal the painting of his beautiful and smiling late wife is symbolic of how this man would do anything to control his wife. If he couldnt stop his wife from smiling at anyone when she was still alive, at least when s he was dead and only lived through her painting the Duke could finally decide as to whom to piece of ground his wifes smiles and charms.Through the painting done by a master, she has also became the expensive commodity that she should have been while living, but a role of which she never assumed because she stooped to being accessible to anyone, much to the disappointment of her husband, the Duke. Noble women should assume the position that their rank in society expected them to and this meant they should be unreachable in the eyes of commoners. They should not be easily pleased with trifle matters like favors from servants.Finally, the talk of arranging his new marriage with the father of his in store(predicate) bride suggests how women were not allowed to express an opinion even to the important topic of whom to spend the rest of their life with. Women were commodities traded upon by men and they have price tags called dowries. By showing the Counts emissary the painting of his former wife and telling him why he didnt like her conduct sends the message as to how he expects his next wife to behave. Otherwise, she might become another Last Duchess, another hidden painting in the house.Therefore, this monologue, like many of Brownings monologues, reflects on his interpretations of his society. However, by using a characters reflections on a particular thought, Browning can somewhat mask his inner feelings and thoughts. The aspects of his reflections come across clearly, and in this monologue, Browning is obviously taking a deeper look at the treatment of women.Work CitedBrowning, Robert. My Last Duchess. 2009 April 21. 2011 whitethorn 4. http//barney.gonzaga.edu/jdavis6/poem.html.My Last Duchess Analysis. 2007 January 7. 2011 May 4. http//barney.gonzaga.edu/joliver/mylastduchess1.htmMy Last Duchess Discussion. 2008 May 14. 2011 May 4. http//www.englishforums.com/English/LastDutchessDepthAnalysis

Finance in International Markets Essay Example for Free

Finance in supranational Markets EssayDescribe the tradeoffs that be involved for each method (such as exporting, direct foreign investment, etc. ) that Snyder could occasion to achieve its goal. ANSWER Snyder can export the clubs, but the transportation expenses whitethorn be high. If could establish a subsidiary in Brazil to produce and sell the clubs, but this may require a oversize investment of funds. It could use licensing, in which it specifies to a Brazilian firm how to produce the clubs. In this way, it does not have to establish its own subsidiary there. b. Which method would you recommend for this firm? discharge your recommendation.ANSWER If the amount of golf clubs to be sold in Brazil is small, it may decide to export. However, if the expected sales level is high, it may arrive at from licensing. If it is overconfident that the expected sales level will remain high, it may be willing to establish a subsidiary. The wages are lower in Brazil, and the large inv estment needed to establish a subsidiary may be worthwhile. 15. Impact of Political Risk. Explain why political risk may dissuade international trade.Some foreign projects would have been feasible if there was no political risk, but will not be feasible because of political risk. 17. International Joint Venture. Anheuser-Busch, the producer of Budweiser and other beers, has recently expanded into Japan by engaging in a crossroads supposition with Kirin Brewery, the largest brewery in Japan. The joint contingency enables Anheuser-Busch to have its beer distributed through Kirins distribution channels in Japan. In addition, it can utilize Kirins facilities to produce beer that will be sold locally. In return, Anheuser-Busch provides information about the American beer market to Kirin. . Explain how the joint danger can enable Anheuser-Busch to achieve its objective of maximizing shareholder wealth. ANSWER The joint venture creates a way for Anheuser-Busch to distribute Budweiser throughout Japan. It enables Anheuser-Busch to penetrate the Japanese market without requiring a substantial investment in Japan. b. Explain how the joint venture can limit the risk of the international business. ANSWER The joint venture has limited risk because Anheuser-Busch does not need to establish its own distribution interlocking in Japan.Thus, Anheuser-Busch may be able to use a smaller investment for the international business, and there is a higher probability that the international business will be successful. c. Many international joint ventures are intended to circumvent barriers that normally prevent foreign competition. What barrier in Japan is Anheuser-Busch circumventing as a will of the joint venture? What barrier in the United States is Kirin circumventing as a result of the joint venture? ANSWER Anheuser-Busch is able to benefit from Kirins distribution system in Japan, which would not normally be so accessible.Kirin is able to learn more about how Anheuser-Bu sch expanded its product across numerous countries, and therefore breaks through an information barrier. d. Explain how Anheuser-Busch could lose some of its market share in countries outside Japan as a result of this particular joint venture. ANSWER Anheuser-Busch could lose some of its market share to Kirin as a result of explaining its worldwide expansion strategies to Kirin. However, it appears that Anheuser-Busch expects the potential benefits of the joint venture to outweigh any potential adverse effects.

Low cost strategy and differentiation strategy on HR

depleted cost outline and speciality dodging on HRExecutive SummaryThe report card will develop key points using the Porter combative model as a guide. It will describe low cost scheme and unalikeiation strategy and its impact in key HR function such as HR readiness, recruitment and selection, orientation, training and developing, cargoner prep ardness, per excogitateance management, hire management, wellness and safety and worldwide Operations.Theory descriptionMichael Porter made a major contribution to the field of strategic management by sort outing the different positions giving medications can compete in five competitive strategies. Porters business strategy concentrates itself with the product and the market scope. The importance of gaining a competitive advantage is extreme in the economy and it grows out from the measure out an organization is able to for their consumer that exceeds the firms cost of creating it.1The five forces govern the profit structure of an industry by determining how the economic value it creates is apporti unrivalledd. That value may be drained a authority through the rivalry among existing competitors, of course, but it can also be bargained away through the spring of suppliers or the power of customers or be constrained by the threat of new entrants or the threat of substitutes. Strategy can be viewed as build defenses against the competitive forces or as finding a position in an industry where the forces are weaker. Changes in the strength of the forces signal changes in the competitive beautify critical to ongoing strategy formulation.2Low-cost Provider Strategy the aim of this strategy is to provide a product or servicing at a price level than that of competitors while appealing to a broad range of customers.Low cost strategy is centered on the capability of the political party to experience and deliver products of competitive quality at lower costs. Cost leadership strategy is much more than cos t reduction initiatives that get lot of blow in strategic planning and review session of any company as a means to improve the bottom line of a company by improving its dexterity. Some companies use their in effect(p) cost structures to protect their markets from the competitors by responding to competitors move of making in-roads in the market space by reduce prices. Such reactive response may make a company predominantly inward focused.Positioning low cost strategyBetter way to strategically position a company on the advantage of cost is to increase market share by qualifying from last(a) cost producer to lowest cost supplier of products. This way the company translates its cost advantage into price advantage for its customers and thereby improves the market share. The prospect of increasing the market share provides a great opportunity for the company to leverage the economies of scale coupled with the ruth slight cost cutting measures it plans to execute. More the competi tive space it occupies which also means that more competitors eliminated more effective are economies of scale and as a result the costs are driven still lower. When a company is able to transform the efforts of cost reduction into cost advantage for customers the company can be said to be successfully pursuing low cost leadership strategy.Wal-Mart is one company that continuously strives to reduce costs and in the market place it has got the image of supplier of products at the lowest prices. This is how Wal-Mart captures the markets and eliminates the competitors and improves revenues and market share. Economies of scale and efficiency form the core around which Wal-Mart executes its strategy. Companies pursuing cost leadership strategy compare each and every activity along their value chain with competitors and are attached to surpass them. Innovation in such companies is focused on process improvements rather than on products .Therefore, companies pursuing cost leadership stra tegy target plentitude markets with proven products.3Differentiation strategy an organization employing this strategy seeks to differentiate its products from other competitors products in ways that will appeal to a broad range of customers.4Examples of suceesful organizations are Examples of the successful use of a differentiation strategy are Hero Honda, Asian Paints, HLL, Nike athletic shoes, Perstorp BioProducts, apple Computer, and Mercedes-Benz automobiles.HR functions and Porters strategiesHuman resources Planning can be defined as a process by which an organization ensures that it has the right number and kinds of mint, at the right place, at the right time, capable of effectively and expeditiously completing those tasks that will help the organization extend to its overall objectives or in other words HRP can be defined as planning for the future personnel shoots of an organization, taking into account both internal activities and factors in the external environment. When adopting low cost strategy organizations the product must be perceived by consumers as comparable to the ones offered by the competition and have a price advantage. The objective is to gain market share or to watch higher profit margin, this options have direct impact in HR Planning. When analyzing the function we can observe that at entry level succession planning is minimal. Outside labor markets are monitored to satisfy entry level needs and resource to fringe melt downers.5On the other hand, Organizations that adopt a differentiation strategy the impact in HR planning, is the following the company recognizes that people are the key in gaining a competitive advantage in the market and their strategies confer that concern.Succession management is vital in this environment is critical, employees need to possess certain competencies and skills to advance in the company, with this organizations invest in developing skills is part of the procession policy. HR management focus es on career and training and job security and employee loyalty is very with these organizations.6Recruitment and Selection function incorporates the process to discover the sources of men to meet the requirements of the staffing the sources of manpower to meet the requirements of the staffing schedule and employ effective measures for attracting the manpower in adequate numbers to facilitate effective selection of an effective running(a) force. Selection is the process of choosing the most suitable candidates from those who apply for the job. It is a process of offering jobs to desired candidates.Organizations that adopt low cost strategy focus less Recruitment and selection. It is mostly done at level entry and the pool is the surrounding labor market pool and recruitment and selection budgets are lower organizations that adopt differentiation strategies. Recruitment methods are based on mouth to mouth and on-site applications, resource to local newspapers. Career paths are narr ow and positions that are not entry level are filled in house.7When adopting a differentiation strategy an organization reaffirms that human capital is key in gaining your competitive advantage it centralizes the importance of Recruitment and Selection. In this picture, the strategy reflects the need for a pool of employees with a broad range of skills and competencies. The employee that they seek is one that will need less supervision and with an groundbreaking mind and ability to work in teams. On the other hand, the selection process involves team interviews and behaviorally based evidence of innovative performance and resources to testing may occur.8Orientation rearing and Development is the field concerned with organizational activity aimed at bettering the performance of individuals and groups in organizational settings.9This apprehension is differs from company to company , low cost strategy will incorporate a training and using process focused on increasing the efficiency of the job, training is provide in a minimal delivery due to the skills to perform the job being lower. Investment in career development is a couple of(prenominal) and the focus in acquiring new skills is non existence. If we analyze the food industry, this is the predominant rule. Employees are trained to perform a job and their trained on the rear in delivering a service. While in a differentiation organization, employees are viewed as the key for their success and investment in training and career development are higher. In organizations as orchard apple tree INC have developed training and development programs that will focus on skills and attitudes, decision making, ability to work in teams, creative thinking, it is aimed to be a process that will incite innovation and creativity. Apples training and development can range from training the staff or employees on how to use a new piece of software, complete a form, give good customer service or write a professional letter. Tra ining and development programs are an essential component of a learning environment that can improve the Apple Inc.s ability to attract and retain employees with the skills and competencies needed to achieve results for the benefit of the company. Training and developing new and current staff to fill up new roles and work in dissimilar ways will be a decisive part in the endeavors of the company to meet its transformation challenges. Ways thatemployees learn and achieve results will also continue to transform how Apple Inc. do business and engage or force the employees in further innovation and improvements in line with its objectives.10Career Planning includes the steps an individual undergoes in an organization during working period, which takes the person through the hierarchic ladder with expansion in duties and responsibilities with resultant increase in cook up and status. It is a process which enables an organization to meet its current and future manpower requirement throug h provision of career opportunities for its employees.Planned and systematized progression of events in the field of work of Individuals during their employable periods of life.11Low cost organizations will invest little in career planning due to the fact their aim is to provide a low cost service and investing in career planning will increase their costs. Although, at the corporate level some techniques maybe visible. In a differentiation strategy organization career planning is a tool to improve employee motivation and loyalty. Methods as career development workshop, human resources planning and forecasting, succession planning, career development pathing programs and mentoring are set in place to guide employees.12Performance management is the process of creating a work environment or setting in which people are enabled to perform to the best of their abilities. Performance management is a whole work system that begins when a job is defined as needed. It ends when an employee lea ves your organization.13Low strategy organizations develop performance management plans that are standard are measured by standard criteria, when executing performance reviews the feedback is immediate, specific in the form a review and accountability is implemented. Appraisals are performed by the direct supervisor not utilizing the 360 appraisal method the objective here is for promotion consideration. These plans are implemented in the food and restaurant industry where positions normally are less complex in the bottom level.As in differentiation environment like Apple INC performance management is based on long term implications of behavior, the objective is geared to implement behavior that will have long term efficient behaviors. The plan tries to encourage empowerment, diversity, and team work, innovation that will reach efficient and effective outcomes.Performance reviews are 360, evaluation is done by measuring group work in terms of objectives not defragmenting the individ ual effort.14Compensation Management is an important task for HR it is complex task that is performed periodically which configures each employees compensation in order to be included in the payroll process. Organizations with low cost strategies manage their compensation strategy in order to monitor the wage offered by organizations in their market they incorporate lower wages and fringe benefits and adopt a lag strategy by utilizing outsourcing to countries or states where wages are lower. The reduction in wages can be achieved by using part time employees, because they do not receive fringe benefits. In pay performance dimension is used to reward individual effort in low cost organizations. Companies with differentiation strategies develop their compensation strategy very carefully. advantage can be slightly below the market average, but the opportunities to increase your pay through other means are plenty for example bonus pay. By placing yourself as a differentiation focused company pay performance is incorporate and it depends on individual, group and corporate achievements.15Health and Safety policies are extremely important in the Canadian workplace environment. Organizations will comply with the legal requirements and will ensure employees have a safe and healthy work environment. Where organizations differ is their level of complexity of HS practices. In low cost driven organizations the investment in health and safety is used as the main goal of achieving legal compliance. Manufacturing sector gear their practices to ensure the safety requirements are met. As in a differentiation organization we see the reach to a coterminous step by implementing employee wellness programs and use health and safety to increase their competitive advantage by positioning as going beyond the limits.International OperationsConclusion

Black Identity In Bamboozled

filthy Identity In BamboozledAfrican Americans generate for a retentive age been represented in American cinema in handlings of white realism. With the emergence of nigrify directors, there has been a struggle to detach the filthy fellowship from the traditional, negative stereotypes attached to them. Bamboozled ( pinna downwind, 2000) is a dark satire on race representation and assimilation and the ways in which the dominant hegemonic power structure is subject to divide and rule those it subjugates. This paper will first explore the history of cinematic representation of African Americans, which will be discussed in line with the subject of misrepresentation in Bamboozled (2000). This paper will also explore African-American individuation dilemma as presented in Bamboozled (2000).IntroductionI trust passel to think about the power of images, non just in terms of race, but how imagery is used and what sort of social impact it has- how it influences how we talk, how we think, how we view sensation another. In particular, I want them to see how film and television have historically, from the birth of both mediums, produced and perpetuated distorted images. Film and television started out that way, and here we ar, at the dawn of a new century, and a lot of that madness is still with us today.Spike Lee.The debates over race and representation of African Americans in films have been highly contentious for over a century. Blacks have generally been perceived and stigmatized, through with(predicate)out history, as trouble counterbalancers, incapables, intellectually limited, inferior, lazy and irrational, amongst the many other humiliate labels attached to them. These labels atomic number 18 connected not only to the history of colonization but also, of the essence(p)ly, to the exploitation, perpetuation, and c beful maintenance of stereotypes through cinematic clichs which have enforce themselves easily and significantly on the habitual imagin ation. As rightly stated by Wijdan Ali, the projection of harmful and negative stereotypes onto marginal or ineffectual groups in spite of appearance a society has eer been an easy and useful method for making scapegoats.Effectively, films form the i pick out space to circularize and preserve the labels which the mainstream audience desires to attach to the smutty community.Five decades of the Civil Rights Movement have g superstar by, and the degree of change in the dark-skinned community, though undeniably real and noticeable, remains perplexingly complex and inadequate. Although the concomitant that we now live in a time in history where Americans have voted in a dark-skinned President, where blacks now occupy nonpluss of power and are ostensibly less subject to institutional discrimination than in the past, the black community so far remains inadequately poor, unemployed, undereducated and negatively labeled. Adding to these, portrayals of African Americans in cinema are still, to a great extent, marked by buffo wizardry.Therefore, adopting a writing-back style in Bamboozled (2000), Spike Lee satirically attacks the way in which African Americans have historically been misused and misrepresented on screen. Through Bamboozled (2000), the director attempts both to control and to educate his audience about the history of African American representation within popular culture, with the word bamboozled itself indicating the state of having been cheated or conned. Bamboozled (2000) presents American mass entertainments history of racial discrimination through abasing minstrel stereotypes, which first started to be performed in musical theatres and which were later(prenominal) brought to cinema with films much(prenominal) as The Wooing and Wedding of a Coon (1905), The Sambo Series (1909- 1911) and D.W Griffiths controversial The Birth of a Nation( 1915). Consequently, the place of this study is to explore African American evolution in the American fi lm industry and to analyze the effects of stereotypes and misrepresentation on African American identicalness using dogwood tree Wests theory of hallucination (1993) and Du Boiss theory of epitome apprisedness (1903). These will hopefully in turn help to understand why the integration of African Americans is considered as a problematic issue even in a sophisticated era where racism seems to be a occasion of the past, and where people are supposedly no longer judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. But before getting to what Bamboozled (2000) rattling brings to the table of African-American films, it is important to look at the history and evolution of black representation in Hollywood cinema, which the following paragraphs are going to deal with.II. African Americans in American Films A Brief RetrospectiveAfrican Americans first started to be represented in minstrel shows in the late 1820s and later on television in the early 20th century. Thr ough blackface minstrelsy, a performance style where white males parodied the songs, dances, clothing and speech patterns of Southern blacks using blackface piece and exaggerated lips, Americas conceptions of blackness and sinlessness were shaped by these mocking caricatures, for, as pointed out by bell hooks, there is power in looking. While whiteness was posited as the norm, ein truth black face was a statement of social imperfection, inferiority, and mimicry that was placed in isolation with an absent whiteness as its none much(prenominal) opposite. Consequently, for over a century, the notion that colored people were racially and socially inferior to whites was ingrained, internalized and accepted both by white and black minstrel performers and audiences.The caricatures took such a strong hold on the American imagination that audiences naturally came to expect any person with dark skin, irrespective of his/ her background, to fit in one or more of the following stereotypes Ji m Crow, a dull-witted and subservient plantation slave Zip Coon, a lazy, gaudily-dressed man from the city representing the proud newly- freed slave Mammy, the contended, happy, loyal and ever-smiling female slave (as evidence of the supposed populace of the institution of slavery,) Uncle Tom, the good Negro submissive, hearty, faithful no matter what, stoic, selfless, and oh-so-very-kind, Buck, the proud and menacing Black man always fascinated by white women Jezebel the temptress the mixed race Mulatto, and Pickaninnies, who have bulging eyes, unkempt hair, red lips and wide mouths into which they stuff huge slices of watermelon.As time moved on, black appearance in mainstream films became more and more frequent, as well as the increase in the number of independent black directors, from Oscar Micheaux to Daniels Lee and Spike Lee. Since The Birth of a Nation, which marked a change in emphasis from the pretentious but harmless Jim Crow to the threatening savage Nigger, black film makers have responded by creating race movies and blaxploitation films which were tailored to black audiences . The mid-seventies witnessed a resurgence of the blaxploitation genre with films such as Sweet Sweetbacks Baadassss Song (1971), Shaft (1971), Black Caesar (1973) and Foxy Brown (1974). Since such films were themselves in turn accused of using the negative to hyperbolize issues pertaining to blacks, this genre saw its end in the late 1970s to give way to a new wave of black directors, such as S. Lee and John Singleton, who focused on black urban life. However, we cannot leave to simply celebrate the achievements of black filmmakers for the so-called ethnic arts. And as Stuart Hall remarks, we have come out of the age of innocence, which says that its good if its there. The mere fact that such films have had a considerable increase does not mean that the status of and opportunities for black people have dramatically improved although it may be aline that the level of clea r-cut racism has known an important decrease, or even a disappearance. This can be backed up by Appiahs statement that changes in the representation of blacks do not ipso facto lead to changes in their treatment.III. The Issue of Misrepresentation in Bamboozled (2000)In Bamboozled (2000), Spike Lee directly addresses this issue of African American representability as being a discourse of white essentialism. Through Bamboozled (2000) the director invites his audience to realize that although nobody goes around in blackface anymore,it does not entail that Hollywood has altogether abandoned/given up essentialist discourse. The director satirically uses very symbolic icons and elements throughout the film in order to highlight racism and misrepresentation. The parentage of Bamboozled (2000) itself generates the intended theme Stevie Wonders Misrepresented People, a song which encapsulates the historical, political and social adversities faced by blacks, is carefully and cleverly set as the background music, which powerfully and hard impacts upon the content of the film as well as upon the audience.Spike Lee makes it blatantly clear that Bamboozled (2000) sets out to illustrate White American ideology and discourse within contemporary public sphere. Pierre Delacroix (Damon Wayans), the protagonist of the film, is a ne twainrk executive working in a company which is specialized in black matters. Ironically though, during the meeting in which Delacroix is reproached for his lateness and reminded of CP time, it can be noticed that the only Black person present is Pierre himself. His boss, Dunwitty, clearly does not want to see Negroes on television unless they are buffoons. He even cancelled one of Pierres brilliant shows because it starred blacks as dignified people and goes on to remonstrate that the latters written materials are too clean, too white, too antiseptic, which according to him merely portray white people with blackfaces. He urges Delacroix to keep it real, that is, he reminds him of the humiliating position of blacks in cinema blacks are only entertainers. The depiction of the struggle endemic to the African American experience of representation, which Lee throws to the audience in a very obvious yet complex way, can be seen in Extract 1. It can be observed in this scene that Delacroix has no other woof than to portray blacks as entertainers if he is to respect his contract. This scene is also important because it does two things first, it shows Delacroixs struggle to promote the black community by attempting to fight misrepresentation, and second, it shows a well-educated Delacroixs willingness to dissociate himself from other African Americans.The name of the blackface show in Bamboozled (2000) is in itself very symbolic Mantan The New Millennium Minstrel Show. Here, Lee suggests that minstrelsy has not disappeared in the new millennium. In his-own words therefore, it has only gotten more sophisticated. Gangsta rap videos, a lot of the TV shows on UPN and WB- a lot of us are still acting as buffoons and coons. The issue of black-white relations resurfaces in Bamboozled (2000) and the role of the Other is made explicit through Lees intended message. Black stereotyping and Otherisation becomes the necessary worthless in the construction of white identity and is needed to reassure white audiences of the stability of their identity. With this comes the implication that black films are successfully marketed only if they appeal to mainstream audiences. Clearly, Spike Lees aim in this provocative film is to show that even today, the American film industry is still concealing essentialist discourses within contemporary films. Consequently, as essentialism involves ongoing human and social interaction as well as limitation, identity regulation and enforcement takes place within this kind of racist discourse, whereby blacks have to undergo identity dilemma while trying to seek approval. As we have seen, cinema has an important role to play in the construction of identity. History, cinema and black identity are intricately intertwined. The association of these three in Bamboozled (2000) communicates to the audience how blacks are identified and how they in turn identify themselves. As a marginalized group, most of the black characters in Spike Lees film forsake their identity so as to gain approval, to be successful, or to get out of black poverty and the result is shown to be a disastrous one for the black soul and community. The next section is therefore going to be an exploration of identity dilemma in Bamboozled (2000).IV. Identity Dilemma in Bamboozled (2000)I have heard all my life that White people dont have to change who they are, how they talk, or how they behave. Therefore, I was odd with the impression that it was everyone elses responsibility to attempt to adopt the cultural and social personalities of White people.Ronald, L Jackson.In order to tackle this issue of identity in Bamboozled (2000) Cornel Wests theory of dementia(1993) will be used in parallel to DuBois theory of mental image-consciousness (1903) .Wests theory of alienation (1993) explores the identity crisis faced by the black diasporan community in modern day America. Natal alienation, which has been created by the history of colonization, is an irretrievable damage to black identity. Since the Black is rendered into an inferior being through history and representation, and this inferiority yet reinforced by both descriptive and prescriptive stereotypes in cinema, blacks as a result experience a severe identity dilemma, a double consciousness.Alienation in Wests theory exists on two intricately related levels firstly as an ideological system of oppression and discrimination and secondly as a black existentialist struggle. In Bamboozled (2000), this powerful system of oppression forces the black characters to forsake their black soul and identities. Unlike Delacroix, Womack (Tommy Davi dson) and Manray (Savion Glover), two homeless course performers, are forced by their unfavorable economic conditions to become de-rooted and nose out datumless performing dolls. Both are stripped of their name and imposed with the abasing and stereotypically racist names of SleepnEat and Mantan respectively. Alienation here produces the modern black diasporan problematic of invisibility and namelessness, whereby Womack and Manray are forced to look at themselves through the eyes of others, of measuring their soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity.Impelled by societal and survival pressures, both of them are forced to realise in order to be accepted by the white community as well as by the assimilated black people. It becomes clear that David Llorenss (1968) two types of blacks are present in Bamboozled (2000). Delacroix and Sloan represent the chosen ones while Manray and Womack represent the fellah. The former is familiar with the streets and th e black vernacular, while the latter is culturally refined has assimilated into the white community. Alienation and white essentialist discourse creates such a situation where the chosen one feels embarrassed by the fellah and seeks at all times to show that they are two different kinds, and to please the Guardian, that is, the white man. Manray and Womack are, through the eyes of Sloan ( Jada Pinkett Smith) and Pierre, African Americans who share similar traits to the primitive African. Delacroix points this out by looking down on them and recommending that they be given deodorants, toothbrushes, toothpastes and under apply. He also attempts without success to dissociate himself from the fellah black category by desperately explaining to Dunwitty that blacks are not a monolithic group, and that middle classify black does exist. These words are representative of the African American communitys desire not to be identified only through blackness. For Dunwitty, Delacroix is only tryin g to wear a whiteface, which is not a mere fabrication or a mere racist comment. Dunwittys words carry an important truth. We see from the beginning of the film, that Delacroix eagerly and desperately seeks recognition and visibility from his white co-workers when he walks his way to his office. He also rejects the black vernacular for Standard English so as to make a clear cut difference between the educated and the uneducated black. This, to an important extent, reifies the superiority of whites and serves to alienate blacks in American society, as, according to West (1993), alienation is part of a whole system of language. Once a cultures language is alienated from the mainstream populations language, the cultures identity is similarly taken away and starts to dissipate.Delacroix himself unconsciously embodies several of the blackface stereotypes, although he tries to portray blacks in a positive light. He can be viewed as a Zip Coon, with his pretentiousness and his implicit dis regard for the fellah blacks during the auditioning for the Alabama Porch Monkeys, and his disassociation from the black vernacular. Furthermore, he embodies the Uncle Tom stereotype several times in the film, especially in the scene where he acts as the loyal, faithful and subservient black while insisting on handing off an award to Mathhew Modine (playing himself.) Delacroix is therefore himself caught in this whirlwind of Europeanization. In his relentless effort to assimilate into white culture, he gets himself a Harvard tuition and a penthouse, dresses professionally, and speaks the right language. Even when he sets out on his mission to deconstruct stereotypes and raise public awareness on modern day racism, he is himself unable to resist the misrepresentation and caricature of the terms set by uncontested nonblack norms and models. Delacroix therefore also contributes both consciously and unconsciously to the dominant discourse of alienation of blacks from the white communit y by setting up a Coon show which idealizes a simpler time, a time when men were men, women were women, and Negroes knew their place. Some black folks are consequently outraged by his racist show and accuse him of selling out his own community. But what has actually happened to Pierre Delacroix is that he has been experiencing the split-self- disease, what Du Bois calls a twoness an American, a Negro two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings two warring ideals in one dark body. Aware of the fact that the popular American view has consistently dehumanized African Americans through negative representation, Delacroix does not want to be among those blacks who are despised by the European American population. He does not want to be invisible and formless. Therefore he aspires to be both Negro and American, two identities, which, according to Du Bois (1903) are often in conflict. Delacroixs wearing of the blackface by the end of the film iterates the inescapability of the impo sed mask of blackness. Realizing that he is unable to appear as anything but black in the eyes of others, he compromises with his black self and resigns himself to the mask. What Lee is actually showing is that in modern day America, and even for sophisticated and well- off black Americans, the merging of the American and the African is one very difficult (if not impossible) thing to happen.The impact of stereotypes and alienation on black identity causes one to have a keen sense of awareness about his or her various selves and how they are perceived. Often, blacks in Bamboozled (2000) have to negotiate their identity. Through this act, they inevitably reach a self-realization of twoness. Womack for instance realizes that he will always be looked down upon as a second-class American citizen, no matter how famous and successful he has become. He becomes conscious of the fact the he had been bamboozled insofar as believing that he could be an equal citizen. His success lies only in th e fact that he is able to entertain white America, to always keep em laughing, a quality which Delacroixs father Junebug (Paul Mooney) believes is essential for the black American to achieve success. As shown in Extract 2 therefore, when Womack experiences double consciousness, he decides to stop acting in the minstrel show. This scene is significant in that it highlights the self-realization which is made possible only through a double-consciousness. Womack at this particular moment realizes that outside of the character of Sleepn Eat, he is simply invisible, a nobody. Through the eyes of others there is no other possible identity for him. Mantans own identity grows in conflict with that of Womack following this conversation clearly he is still unaware of the complexities of the disjointed nature of identity in this scene. A few scenes later however, he also becomes afflicted by the same double consciousness experienced by his friend. In Extract 3, after discovering that he has bee n hoodwinked and led astray, Manray refuses to be further associated to Mantan. He realizes that it is fundamentally wrong to negotiate his identity through the medium of blackface. Although Lee might be suggesting that Manrays realization occurs at too late a time, his message clearly goes in line with Du Boiss (1903) argument that double consciousness is the realization that identity is multifaceted. According to him, at one point or the other, black Americans develop a conflict with the different identities that they need to embody in order to be accepted by the mainstream, a conflict which is inexistent among white Americans.On the other hand, Sloans brother, Julius, who forms part of the Mau Mau revolutionary underground gang and who does not go through double consciousness because of his refusal to be seen through white Americas eyes, is juxtaposed to the blacks who try to assimilate white culture, thereby denying their own roots, language, people, and culture. Julius constant ly affirms his black identity, unlike the other blacks we encounter in the film. Extract 4 shows how he refuses to be a representative of de-rooted, disenfranchised blacks. In the perspective of revolutionary blacks such as the Mau Maus therefore, Manray needs to be executed because he is a nuisance to the black community he is a Judas, an Uncle Tom, one who contributes to the demise of his own race. The murders of Manray and Delacroix show to what extent alienation and double-consciousness can be detrimental to African Americans. They create inter-ethnic conflict and a heavy malaise in the black community. Alienation as an ideological racist discourse therefore divides and rules those who are marginalized in a society that looks on in amused contempt and pity. Through the Mau Mau gang, it can be seen that those who accept and affirm their black identities are ineffective in society. They are in no way in a better state of being than those who experience double-consciousness. Since they do not master the mainstream language and do not believe in the ideological discourses of the inferiority of their race, they are forced to retire to the underground world.The fact that the imposition of history and alienation results in double consciousness in many cases in Bamboozled (2000) is destructive to all. Accepting white essentialism as culturally representable not only creates a fatal variableness between assimilated and un- assimilated blacks it also kills the spirit of the black man.V. ConclusionAlthough the situations and the characters in Lees Bamboozled (2000) are all fictitious, and although the director does not choose the medium of docudrama to convey his important messages, he manages to successfully reconstruct blackface minstrelsy. African Americans have been freed, but only physically. There has been neither a consistent attempt to make up for the mistakes of humanity of the past nor to reshape identities. His argument in Bamboozled (2000) is that the id entity dilemmas faced by the characters in the film are no different from the identity issues faced by African Americans in post-racial America. Although blacks do not find themselves as being represented in blackface or as victims of blatant segregation anymore, they are nevertheless always reminded of their blackness, and of what it implies to be a black in America. Whether Lee is genuinely successful in renegotiating a stigmatized identity or in deconstructing stereotypes by disassembly the false normativity of white authority remains highly debatable. On the one side, his use of satire and his engagement with the history of racism and representation impact heavily on the audience. However, the frustrating ending of Bamboozled (2000), as well as the inter- ethnic conflict between the revolutionary and the assimilated blacks, display a contaminating and intense sense of helplessness and hopelessness in regards to humanitys chances to ever get rid of the veil which separates whites and blacks in America, as well as in any other move of the world. Lees message, considering his role as an auteur, seems to reflect Du Boiss words that the black man must not bleach his soul in a flood of white Americanism, for he knows that his blood has a message for the world.

Thalassemia Effects on Pregnancy

Thalassemia Effects on PregnancyThalassemia is the most common hereditary disease in Iran and more than than 2 million carriers of the thalassaemia mutant gene are living in this country.Material methods In this retrospective, causal agency-control plain, all pregnancies occurred between 2006 and 2008 were included. Patients were dissever in two separates regarding the presence of - thalassemia. Patients in case and control classs were matched according to maternal age, gestational age and number of previous pregnancies. Cesarean delivery, hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes mellitus, immature rupture of membranes and preterm labor were recorded in each group and were compared using the 2 or Fisher exact tests.Results Overall 510 -thalassemia subjects and 512 healthy controls were studied. cases with -thalassemia had significantly higher(prenominal) prevalence of oligohydramnios (P Conclusion -thalassemia does not influence the motherliness outcome in the negative w ay significantly.Keywords Minor -thalassemia, Pregnancy outcome, gestational diabetes mellitus OligohydramniosIntroductionThe prevalence and hardness of the thalassemia syndromes are population dependent.(1) Thalassemia tiddler results in a variable degree of the disease but, depending on the rate of -chain production, usually presents as asymptomatic anemia of mild degree(2)-thalassemia is the most common hereditary disease in Iran and more than 2 million carriers of the -thalassemia mutant gene are living in this country. About 110 mutant genes have been recognized all over the world of which 21 have been identified in the Iranian population. The mutant genes and their frequencies turn greatly in different parts of Iran Prevalence of thalassemia minor among Iranian is about 7%. (3)-thalassemia minor represents the heterozygous state. In general, a heterozygote for thalassemia is diagnosed owing to the patient presenting with a mild anemia ( haemoglobin A level 1 or 2 g below normal range), low inculpate cell volume, low mean corpuscular hemoglobin, elevated hemoglobin A2, and normal or elevated hemoglobin F. During maternalism, women with thalassemia minor will often return more significant anemia, which is often most prominent during the latter half of the second trimester and early tercet(4,5,6,7).Thalassemia syndromes constitute a group of inherited hemoglobinopathies that inquire close maternal and foetal surveillance during motherhood, including appropriate consultation with maternal fetal medicine and hematology specialists. Even for the women who are asymptomatic before pregnancy the added stresses of pregnancy on the hematopoietic system can cause deterioration of maternal status. Health guard providers must appreciate that the more severe the thalassemia syndrome the more significant the consequences for both woman and fetus.(4) The impaired globin synthesis impairs oxygen transport and delivery to tissues, placental bed, and fetus beca use of modified hemoglobin-oxygen binding. Furthermore, in more severe disease states, the accumulation of contract stores in vital maternal organ systems can lead to chronic organ dysfunction, such as cardiomyopathy and diabetes. These women must be monitored closely for worsening anemia and the development of pregnancy-associated complications (8).Because of high prevalence of -thalassemia in Iran and its possible effects on pregnancy outcome and limited study about this problem. we performed this retrospective case-control study to investigate pregnancy outcome of patients with minor -thalassemia referring to Hafez Hospital of Shiraz University of medical exam Sciences between 2006 and 2009. These results can alert health care providers to take more care about thalassemia and pregnancy.Methods and materialThis study was a case-control one which included all the pregnancies (7290) referring to Hafez Hospital of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences between 2006 and 2008. The patients were divided into two groups regarding the presence of -thalassemia. Patients in case and control groups were matched according to maternal age, gestational age and number of previous pregnancies. The study was approved by Shiraz University of Medical Sciences ethical committee and all the patients gave their written consents. The data was collected by a means of a questionnaire. Overall 510 -thalassemia subjects and 512 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Only women with singleton pregnancy were included. Patient with recurrent abortions (2 or more consecutive pregnancies resulting in spontaneous abortion), tale of neural tube defect in previous pregnancies, history of infertility, history of any medical problem, undelivered in this center or mean follow-up visits slight than three times were excluded. Follow-up intervals in case and control groups were similar.Gestational age was calculated from the first day of last menstrual period or according to the sonogra phy which was performed in the first months of pregnancy. Anemia was nail downd on the basis of hemoglobin less than 10 mg/dl. Anemia evaluation was performed in all the cases. Complete blood count (CBC), Iron studies (iron, total iron binding capacity) were performed for excluding iron deficiency anemia and the anemia of chronic disorders. Thalassemia was diagnosed according to CBC and standard hemoglobin electrophoresis criteria in the first trimester an face lift of Hb A2 (equal or more than 3.5%) demonstrated by electrophoresis and column chromatography confirms the diagnosis of -thalassemia trait. Blood transfusions were given only when hemoglobin (Hb) dropped significantly (less than 7mg/dl)either due to pregnancy or any other causes. Hemoglobin increased at least to 10 mg/dl with transfusion.(According ACOG criteria(9) Folate supplement in each group (case control) was given 1mg orally daily.In the study period each patient was evaluated for maternal age, parity, gestation al age, maternal anemia during pregnancy (hemoglobin less than 10 g/dL) and put up weight. Poor pregnancy outcomes or complications included hypertensive disorders, gestational diabetes mellitus, premature rupture of membranes (rupture of membrane under 37 weeks gestational age ) and preterm labor.(labor annoying under 37 weaks of gestational age) Hydramnios ( amnic fluid index more than 24 cm), oligohydramnios (amniotic fluid index 5 cm or less) and intrauterine growth childbed (IUGR) (when intrauterine growth under 10% by serial sonography especially in third trimester of pregnancy)were also evaluated using sonography in the third trimester. Labor and perinatal outcome included placental breaking off, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, caesarean section delivery, Apgar score at 1 and 5 minutes less than 7, perinatal mortality, postpartum hemorrhage, and maternal packed-cell transfusions, neonatal ICU ad set downion.Statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS package. Stati stical significance was calculated by using the 2 or Fisher exact test. A multivariate logistic regression model, with backward elimination, was constructed to find independent risk factors associated with maternal -thalassemia minor. Odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed. A value of P less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsWe recorded 510 alive-births and 7 (1.4 %) stillbirths in case and 512 alive births and 5 (1%) stillbirths in control group. The Hb A2 level in our cases usually was approximately 4-6%. service line characteristics of subjects in two study groups are shown in Table 1. There was no statistically significant difference between these groups regarding these baseline characteristics.There was no significant difference between these groups regarding pregnancy hypertension and gestational DM (Table 2). Polyhydramnios (AFI24cm) was observed in 1.4% of cases and 1.9% of control group while oligohydramnios was obse rved in 10.8% of case and 5.4% of control group (P=0.001, Table 2). Regarding the perinatal complications, 3.1% of case group and 1.5% of control group developed IUGR (P=0.073). Cesarean delivery was significantly more common in case group than control group (38.3% vs 26.5% P=0.001, Table 3). There was no significant difference between two groups regarding the Apgar score in initiative (P = 0.65) and 5th minute (P = 0.25), ICU admissions (P = 0.17) and placental abruption (P = 0.42).Using a multiple logistic regression model of risk factors for minor -thalassemia, oligohydramnios, placental abruption and meconium-stained amniotic fluid were significantly associated with cesarean delivery (Table 4).ConclusionThalassemia syndrome is very common in Iranian population. This case-control study was performed on patients with minor -thalassemia to determine the maternal and fetal outcomes and describe most risk factors associated with -thalassemia minor during pregnancy. This study consis ting 517 minor -thalassemia subjects is one of the biggest studies of its kind in Iran. Perinatal mortality (P=0.38) and Apgar score at 1min (P=0.65) and 5 min (P=0.25) after delivery were similar in patients with and without minor -thalassemia minor. This is consistent with previous studies (9-13).Thalassemia has been associated with an increased incidence of obstetrical complications (14). Adverse pregnancies outcomes spy in these case series, especially low birth weight (Wt Chronic maternal anemia during gestation might lead to fetal hypoxia, predisposing the fetus to IUGR (1,14). Thus, it was suggested that hemoglobin concentration should be maintained above 10 g/dL during these pregnancies (15). No significant association was found between hemoglobin levels and IUGR among thalassemic women in Eyal Sheiner and colleagues study and suggested that a different mechanism is responsible for IUGR in thalassemia minor patients (16).At least one study showed acute splenic infarct in t halassemia minor .(18).this mechanism may cause placental infarction but this theory needs further study to be approve.In other study all adhesion molecules and CRP (C-reactive protein) increased in patients with thalassemia intermediate (19) .so this molecules and inflammation may cause placental insufficiency in thalassemia minor but more study is needeSheiner and associates (2004) reported that oligohydramnios were increased twofold in 261 affected women. In our study oligohydramnios was found in 10.8% of case and 5.4% of control group (PWe found no statistically significant difference in the pregnancy outcome, preterm delivery, birth weight, growth restriction, pregnancy induced hypertension and gestational diabetes between thalassemic and non thalassemic patients. all(prenominal) studies investigating pregnancy outcome of patients with -thalassemia found higher rates of cesarean delivery (11,14,15,17). Likewise, in our study we found significantly higher rates of cesarean de livery.By using a multiple logistic regression model of risk factors for minor thalassemia, the following conditions were significantly associated with cesarean delivery oligohydramnios, abruption and meconium-stained amniotic fluid. However, IUGR was not statistically independent risk factor for cesarean delivery, unlike previous study that cesarean birth due to fetal distress colligate to fetal growth restriction (13).In conclusion, Hemoglobinopathies can be associated with a variety of effects on the mother, fetus or newborn. The effects range from absence seizure of clinical disease to severe morbidity and death. Through the obstetrician-gynecologists high index of suspicion based on clinical history and a close operative relationship with a consultant hematologist, pregnancy outcome in patients with these disorders can be improved.Since most hemoglobinopathies are inherited as autosomal recessive conditions, screening, counseling, and antepartum diagnosis are important compon ents of prenatal care for these women. Thalassemia syndrome, including minor -thalassemia during pregnancy can present unique management challenges and requires close maternal and fetal surveillance. The course of pregnancy of patients with -thalassemia minor, including perinatal outcomes, is favorable. In spite of an attempt to keep hemoglobin levels above 7.0g/dl, the incidence of fetal growth restriction and preterm birth has been relatively high, though maternal complications are rather not different from general. Care for such pregnancies should be multidisciplinary, incorporating a maternal-fetal medicine specialist, a genetic counselor, and a hematologist. However, since fetal growth restriction complicates more pregnancies with thalassemia syndrome, the need for close antenatal follow-up and frequent sonographic assessment of fetal growth can be overemphasized.Further prospective studies among high-risk populations for -thalassemia with larger sampling should investigate the efficacy of such surveillance programs. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends screening for -thalassemia in couples of Mediterranean ancestry.We might miss some pregnant ladies with minor thalassemia and normal hemoglobin who were included in control group.

Genetic Screening and Gene Therapy: Proceed with Caution Essay

Now we know, in large measure, our fate is in our ingredients. famous words that were stated by the co-fo infra of DNAs double helix structure, throng Watson. In a large effect, in this day of modern science belief our fate is controlled by our genes. Our genes control our physical statue, our outward appearance, basically our stallion physical makeup is all determined by our genes. Mankind is at the edge of a new frontier in heritable medicine and gene therapy and how domain advances into this field greatly dep ends on his ethics, morals, and the general acceptance of this new found knowledge. At the heart of the subject lies the controversy over genetic screening. some questions wind such as Who should be tested? Who should have access to the information? And most important, Does patch have the right to correct any genetic shift no matter what the case?Technical AspectsA gene simply put is one of many discrete units of hereditary information determined on the chromosomes. The chromosome consists of DNA, and the DNA codes for proteins in the human body, and in turn it is the protein that provides the phenotype for the i ndividual. Genetic screening provides a way to predict whether or not a circumstantial phenotype will occur. There are many ways in which one can preform genetic screening. One is karyotyping. Karyotyping is a process in which a blood culture is obtained an d centrifuged to separate the different components of the blood. After centrifuging the supernatant fluid is discarded. A hypoosmotic solution is added, and the white blood cells swell up cause their chromosomes swell apart. The solution is then cent rifuged again, and the white blood cells are removed and pose on a slide and stained. The slide is placed under a microsco... ...w far will mankind proceed? A question we must all ask ourselves. At which point will man easy down and look back to see what has happened, analyze what it was we found, and what we have learned. We must proceed with caution, the right kind of morals, and mind set if we are to well-being order and mankind with this powerful tool of genetic screening and gene therapy. ReferencesGrady, Denise. 1995. Unnatural Selection, Vogue. v.185, n.10, pp230-234Rubin, Rita. 1996. Do You Have a Cancer Gene, US globe intelligence activity and World Report, v.120,n.19, pp.66-73Hiller, Marc D. 1981. Medical Ethics and The Law, Cambridge Mass. Ballinger Publishing Company.Campbell, Neil A. 1993. Biology, The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.Berkowitz, Ari. Our genes,ourselfs? Obtained from the WWW 10/5/96 http//serendip.brynmawr.edu/pgrobste/Berkowitz.html Genetic Screening and Gene Therapy hap with Caution EssayNow we know, in large measure, our fate is in our genes. famous words that were stated by the co-founder of DNAs double helix structure, James Watson. In a large effect, in this day of modern science belief our fate is controlled by our genes. Our genes control our physical statue, our outward appearance, basically our entire bodily makeup is all determined by our genes. Mankind is at the edge of a new frontier in genetic medicine and gene therapy and how man advances into this field greatly dep ends on his ethics, morals, and the general acceptance of this new found knowledge. At the heart of the subject lies the controversy over genetic screening. Many questions arise such as Who should be tested? Who should have access to the information? And most important, Does man have the right to correct any genetic defect no matter what the case?Technical AspectsA gene simply put is one of many discrete units of hereditary information located on the chromosomes. The chromosome consists of DNA, and the DNA codes for proteins in the human body, and in turn it is the protein that provides the phenotype for the i ndividual. Genetic screening provides a way to predict whether or not a specific phenotype will occur. There are many ways in which one can pre form genetic screening. One is karyotyping. Karyotyping is a process in which a blood culture is obtained an d centrifuged to separate the different components of the blood. After centrifuging the supernatant fluid is discarded. A hypoosmotic solution is added, and the white blood cells swell up causing their chromosomes swell apart. The solution is then cent rifuged again, and the white blood cells are removed and placed on a slide and stained. The slide is placed under a microsco... ...w far will mankind proceed? A question we must all ask ourselves. At which point will man slow down and look back to see what has happened, analyze what it was we found, and what we have learned. We must proceed with caution, the right kind of morals, and mind set if we are to benefit society and mankind with this powerful tool of genetic screening and gene therapy. ReferencesGrady, Denise. 1995. Unnatural Selection, Vogue. v.185, n.10, pp230-234Rubin, Rita. 1996. Do You Have a Cancer Gene, US Worl d News and World Report, v.120,n.19, pp.66-73Hiller, Marc D. 1981. Medical Ethics and The Law, Cambridge Mass. Ballinger Publishing Company.Campbell, Neil A. 1993. Biology, The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company, Inc.Berkowitz, Ari. Our genes,ourselfs? Obtained from the WWW 10/5/96 http//serendip.brynmawr.edu/pgrobste/Berkowitz.html

Fate in The Sign of the Four and She Essay -- Sign She

Fate in The Sign of the Four and She In life, it doesnt matter where you start, nor necessarily how you live, because in the end, fate will triumph over both obstacles and place you where you were destined to be. Every individual has had some type of experience with an unexplainable force on a larger scale, for instance, living through a physical disability or coping with the death of a loved one, but many times, on a smaller scale, fate mysteriously operates in everyday activities and situations. The way in which fate functions in both extremes is undoubtedly unexplainable however, the path in which fate designs for every person is predetermined and unavoidable. It matters non if you are an all-time champion marathon runner or a poor, homeless vagabond, because fate has a charted course that is set in stone and unaccepted to alter. For instance, the champion runner suddenly has a massive heart attack while on the homestretch of an important race and dies right on the spot, on the some other hand, the homeless person haphazardly finds a winning lottery ticket on the ground and ultimately transforms his life. These hypothetical instances are not chance, nor are they well-behaved or bad luck, they happen for a reason, a reason which cannot be understood, and one in which cannot be escaped. The idea of fate was covertly woven in spite of appearance the fabric of The Sign of the Four and She. From Jonathan Smalls wooden leg, the solid iron chest of Indian workmanship (221) containing the Agra treasure, to Ayeshas undying love (literally) for Kallikrates. Each situation vividly represents how the establishment of fate can inevitably shake up and shift existence of being. The character, Jonathan Small, in The Sign of t... ...cept what is handed to us on fates plate and learn to jazz with it instead of avoiding the inevitable like the people in England when Queen Victoria ruled. Throughout the ages, we have come a long way in dread the dynamics of life the progression of health and sciences, technology, and the uniting of diverse cultures and classes. Time has revealed the hidden doubts of our predecessors, and with that, we have concluded that the future is wide open and bound to change at any given moment in time. Nothing in life is fixed, but it is ever-changing, both on mental and physical levels. We can start out to improve the conditions in which we live, but when all is said and done, the final outcome is always what it is intended to be. Our destiny is always intact and one, whether real or sham characters, cannot escape the divine map of life.